A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL CONTENT OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM A COMBINATION OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON ESSENTIAL OILS

META SAFITRI; NANIK SULISTYANI; IIS WAHYUNINGSIH; DIANA SYLVIA; ARINI APRILLIANI

doi:10.22159/ijap.2024v16s5.52486

Authors

META SAFITRI Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Faculty of Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah A.R. Fachruddin University, Tangerang, Indonesia
NANIK SULISTYANI Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6541-8198
IIS WAHYUNINGSIH Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
DIANA SYLVIA Faculty of Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah A.R. Fachruddin University, Tangerang, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2020-9616
ARINI APRILLIANI Faculty of Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah A.R. Fachruddin University, Tangerang, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024v16s5.52486

Keywords:

Combination, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum burmanii, Antibacterial, Antioxidant

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to identify the right combination of Clove Flower Essential Oil (CFEO) and Cinnamon Essential Oil (CEO) that has the potential to be used as a medicine for diabetic wounds.

Methods: Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was observed using the paper disc method. Antioxidant activity was examined the DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl acid) method. Phenol content was tested using the Folin Ciocalteau method.

Results: The results showed that the antibacterial activity of CFEO was lower than that of CEO in single form. The combination of CFEO:CEO was made with a varied concentrations of 1.25; 2.5; and 5%. Each concentration has the following ratios (1:1), (1:2), (1:3), (2:1), and (3:1). The highest antibacterial activity was found at a concentration of 5% combination (1:3) with an average inhibition zone diameter of 20.61 ± 1.07. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of CFEO, CEO, and the combination of CFEO:CEO (1:3) against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were 0.078%, 0.046%, and (0.0195:0.0935%). The antioxidant activity of the CFEO:CEO (3:1) combination showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 42,706 ppm. Single CFEO showed had a higher phenol content of 548.065 mgGAE/g compared to single CEO. The combination CFEO:CEO (3:1) showed the highest phenol content of 262,473mgGAE/g compared to combination (1:1) and (1:3).

Conclusion: Based on the results, the combination of CFEO and CEO (3:1) has the highest antibacterial activity, antioxidant and phenol content. Therefore, it can be proposed as an active ingredient for diabetic wound preparation

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Novianti R, Ardana M, Sastyarina Y. Literatur Review : Aktivitas Antibakteri Terhadap Bakteri Penyebaba Gangren dari Minyak Atsiri Berbagai Tanaman Herbal. Proceeding Mulawarman Pharm. Conf. 2020. 12(1), 190–196. Available: http://prosiding.farmasi.unmul.ac.id/index.php/mpc/article/view/416/399.

Dhillon J, Sopacua E, Tandanu E. Insidensi Gangren Diabetikum Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Rumah Sakit Royal Prima. Jambura J. Helath Sci. Res. 2022. 4(1), 453. doi.org/10.35971/jjhsr.v4i1.12137.

Sutjahjo A. KUMAN DAN UJI KEPEKAAN ANTIBIOTIK DI KAKI DIABETIK INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY. 2016. 20(1), 20–24. https://doi.org/10.24293/ijcpml.v20i1.443.

Eming SA, Martin P, Tomic-Canic M. Wound repair and regeneration: mechanisms, signaling, and translation. Sci Transl Med. 2014 Dec 3;6(265):265sr6. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009337. PMID: 25473038; PMCID: PMC4973620.

Pereira RF and Bártolo PJ., Traditional Therapies for Skin Wound Healing. Advances in Wound Care. 2016.5(5), 208–229. doi: 10.1089/wound.2013.0506.

Anwer MK, Jamil S, Ibnouf EO and Shakeel F, Enhanced antibacterial effects of clove essential oil by nanoemulsion. J. Oleo Sci. 2014. 63(4), 347–354. doi: 10.5650/jos.ess13213.

El-Far A, Samir S, El-Gebaly E, Taha NY, Fahmy EM, Diab TM, and El-Shenawy A. Assessment of eugenol inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and biofilm gene expression in methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Egypt. Infect Genet Evol. 2021. Vol 89. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104722.

Kaur K, Kaushal S, and Rani R. Chemical Composition, Antioxidant and Antifungal Potential of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Essential Oil, its Major Compound and its Derivatives. J. Essent. Oil-Bearing Plants. 2019. 22(5), 1195–1217. doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2019.1688689.

Mohammed KA, Abdulkadhim HM, and Noori SI. Chemical Composition and Anti-bacterial Effects of Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Flowers. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. Appl. Sci. 2016. 5(2), 483–489. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2016.502.054.

Firmino DF, Cavalcante TTA, Gomes GA, Firmino NCS, Rosa LD, de Carvalho MG, Catunda FEA Jr. Antibacterial and Antibiofilm Activities of Cinnamomum Sp. Essential Oil and Cinnamaldehyde: Antimicrobial Activities. ScientificWorldJournal. 2018 Jun 6;2018:7405736. doi: 10.1155/2018/7405736. PMID: 29977171; PMCID: PMC6011056.

Nabavi SF, Di Lorenzo A, Izadi M, Sobarzo-Sánchez E, Daglia M, Nabavi SM. Antibacterial Effects of Cinnamon: From Farm to Food, Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Industries. Nutrients. 2015 Sep 11;7(9):7729-48. doi: 10.3390/nu7095359. PMID: 26378575; PMCID: PMC4586554.

Yadav MK, Chae SW, Im GJ, Chung JW, Song JJ. Eugenol: a phyto-compound effective against methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain biofilms. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 17;10(3):e0119564. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119564. PMID: 25781975; PMCID: PMC4364371.

Topa SH, Palombo EA, Kingshott P, Blackall LL. Activity of Cinnamaldehyde on Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Susceptibility to Antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microorganisms. 2020 Mar 23;8(3):455. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8030455. PMID: 32210139; PMCID: PMC7143970.[14] Y. Kim, S. Kim, K. H. Cho, J. H. Lee, and J. Lee, “Antibiofilm Activities of Cinnamaldehyde Analogs against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus,” Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 23, no. 13, 2022, doi: 10.3390/ijms23137225.

El-Mesallamy, A. M. D., El-Gerby, M., Azim, M. H. M. A. E., & Awad, A. (2012). Antioxidant, Antimicrobial Activities and Volatile Constituents of Clove Flower Buds Oil. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 15(6), 900–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/0972060X.2012.10662592

Perteghella S, Garzoni A, Invernizzi A, Sorrenti M, Boselli C, Icaro Cornaglia A, Dondi D, Lazzaroni S, Marrubini G, Caramella C, Catenacci L, Bonferoni MC. Nanoemulsions of Clove Oil Stabilized with Chitosan Oleate-Antioxidant and Wound-Healing Activity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Jan 26;12(2):273. doi: 10.3390/antiox12020273. PMID: 36829832; PMCID: PMC9952436.

Amelia, B., Saepudin, E., Cahyana, A. H., Rahayu, D. U., Sulistyoningrum, A. S., & Haib, J. (2017). GC-MS analysis of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud essential oil from Java and Manado. In K. A. Sugeng, D. Triyono, & T. Mart (Eds.). Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Current Progress in Mathematics and Sciences 2016 Article 030082 (AIP Conference Proceedings; Vol. 1862). American Institute of Physics Inc.. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4991186

Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Farmakope Herbal Indonesia Herbal. Pocket Handb. Nonhum. Primate Clin. Med. 2017. 307–310.

Sidiropoulou E, Marugán-Hernández V, Skoufos I, Giannenas I, Bonos E, Aguiar-Martins K, Lazari D, Papagrigoriou T, Fotou K, Grigoriadou K, Blake DP, Tzora A. In Vitro Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticoccidial, and Anti-Inflammatory Study of Essential Oils of Oregano, Thyme, and Sage from Epirus, Greece. Life (Basel). 2022 Nov 4;12(11):1783. doi: 10.3390/life12111783. PMID: 36362938; PMCID: PMC9693314..

Rutkowska M, Olszewska MA, Kolodziejczyk-Czepas J, Nowak P, Owczarek A. Sorbus domestica Leaf Extracts and Their Activity Markers: Antioxidant Potential and Synergy Effects in Scavenging Assays of Multiple Oxidants. Molecules. 2019 Jun 20;24(12):2289. doi: 10.3390/molecules24122289. PMID: 31226759; PMCID: PMC6630621.

Purkait S, Bhattacharya A, Bag A, Chattopadhyay RR. Synergistic antibacterial, antifungal and antioxidant efficacy of cinnamon and clove essential oils in combination. Arch Microbiol. 2020 Aug;202(6):1439-1448. doi: 10.1007/s00203-020-01858-3. Epub 2020 Mar 17. PMID: 32185411.

Chou TC, Motzer RJ, Tong Y, Bosl GJ. Computerized quantitation of synergism and antagonism of taxol, topotecan, and cisplatin against human teratocarcinoma cell growth: a rational approach to clinical protocol design. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 Oct 19;86(20):1517-24. doi: 10.1093/jnci/86.20.1517. PMID: 7932806.

CLSI. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically Standard. Approval CDM-A. M07 Methods dilution Antimicrob. Susceptibility Tests Bact. That Grow Aerob. 2018. p. 91.

Alhazmi A, Aldairi AF, Alghamdi A, Alomery A, Mujalli A, Obaid AA, Farrash WF, Allahyani M, Halawani I, Aljuaid A, Alharbi SA, Almehmadi M, Alharbi MS, Khan AA, Jastaniah MA, Alghamdi A. Antibacterial Effects of Commiphora gileadensis Methanolic Extract on Wound Healing. Molecules. 2022 May 21;27(10):3320. doi: 10.3390/molecules27103320. PMID: 35630797; PMCID: PMC9143547.

Abullais Saquib S, Abdullah AlQahtani N, Ahmad I, Arora S, Mohammed Asif S, Ahmed Javali M, Nisar N. Synergistic antibacterial activity of herbal extracts with antibiotics on bacteria responsible for periodontitis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2021 Nov 30;15(11):1685-1693. doi: 10.3855/jidc.14904. PMID: 34898497.

Molyneux P. The Use of the Stable Free Radical Diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) for Estimating Antioxidant Activity. Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 2003. Vol 26, 211–219. doi: 10.1287/isre.6.2.144.

Denkova-Kostova R, Teneva D, Tomova T, Goranov B, Denkova Z, Shopska V, Slavchev A, Hristova-Ivanova Y. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from tangerine (Citrus reticulata L.), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.), lemon (Citrus lemon L.) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume). Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2020 Nov 23;76(5-6):175-185. doi: 10.1515/znc-2020-0126. PMID: 33909955..

da Nóbrega Alves D, Monteiro AFM, Andrade PN, Lazarini JG, Abílio GMF, Guerra FQS, Scotti MT, Scotti L, Rosalen PL, Castro RD. Docking Prediction, Antifungal Activity, Anti-Biofilm Effects on Candida spp., and Toxicity against Human Cells of Cinnamaldehyde. Molecules. 2020 Dec 16;25(24):5969. doi: 10.3390/molecules25245969. PMID: 33339401; PMCID: PMC7767272.

Abo-Salem HM, Abd El Salam HA, Abdel-Aziem AM, Abdel-Aziz MS, El-Sawy ER. Synthesis, Molecular Docking, and Biofilm Formation Inhibitory Activity of Bis(Indolyl)Pyridines Analogues of the Marine Alkaloid Nortopsentin. Molecules. 2021 Jul 6;26(14):4112. doi: 10.3390/molecules26144112. PMID: 34299385; PMCID: PMC8304590.

Lely N, Firdiawan A, Martha S. Efektivitas Antibakteri Minyak Rimpang Jahe Merah (Zingiber Officinale var. Rubrum) Terhadap Bakteri Jerawat. Scientia : Jurnal Farmasi dan kesehatan. 2016. 6(1).

Shahina Z, Molaeitabari A, Sultana T, Dahms TES. Cinnamon Leaf and Clove Essential Oils Are Potent Inhibitors of Candida albicans Virulence Traits. Microorganisms. 2022 Oct 8;10(10):1989. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10101989. PMID: 36296264; PMCID: PMC9607542.

R. Rollando and R. Sitepu, “Antibacterial Effect of Combination of Masoyi Essential Oil and Cinnamon,” J. Kefarmasian Indones., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 26–33, 2018.

Vasconcelos NG, Croda J, Simionatto S. Antibacterial mechanisms of cinnamon and its constituents: A review. Microb Pathog. 2018 Jul;120:198-203. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.036. Epub 2018 Apr 24. PMID: 29702210.

Arianie L, Widodo, Iftitah ED, and Warsito. Natural isothiocyanate anti-malaria: Molecular docking, physicochemical, adme, toxicity and synthetic accessibility study of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2021. 13(6), 82–88, 2021, doi: 10.22159/ijap.2021v13i6.42292.

Laila L, Candra A, Permata YM, and Prasetyo BE. The Influence of Catharanthus Roseus (L.) G. Don. Ethanol Extract in Clove Oil Nanoemulsion: Physical Characterization, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities.International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2023.15(3), 254–260. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2023v15i3.47138.

Rosarior VL, Lim PS, Wong WK, Yue CS, Yam HC, Tan SA. Antioxidant-rich Clove Extract, A Strong Antimicrobial Agent against Urinary Tract Infections-causing Bacteria in vitro. Trop Life Sci Res. 2021 Jun;32(2):45-63. doi: 10.21315/tlsr2021.32.2.4. Epub 2021 Jun 29. PMID: 34367514; PMCID: PMC8300942.

Aulifa DL, Wibowo DP, Safitri N, and Budiman A, Formulation of Effervescent Granules From Red Ginger (Zingiberis Officinale Roscoe Var. Rubrum) Extract and Its Antioxidant Activit. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics. 2022. 14(1), 112–115. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2022v14i1.43377