A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY AND TOTAL CONTENT OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS FROM A COMBINATION OF CLOVE AND CINNAMON ESSENTIAL OILS

META SAFITRI; NANIK SULISTYANI; IIS WAHYUNINGSIH; DIANA SYLVIA; ARINI APRILLIANI

doi:10.22159/ijap.2024v16s5.52486

Authors

META SAFITRI Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Faculty of Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah A. R. Fachruddin University, Tangerang, Indonesia
NANIK SULISTYANI Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6541-8198
IIS WAHYUNINGSIH Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Ahmad Dahlan, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
DIANA SYLVIA Faculty of Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah A. R. Fachruddin University, Tangerang, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2020-9616
ARINI APRILLIANI Faculty of Pharmacy, Muhammadiyah A. R. Fachruddin University, Tangerang, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024v16s5.52486

Keywords:

Combination, Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum burmanii, Antibacterial, Antioxidant

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to identify the right combination of Clove Flower Essential Oil (CFEO) and Cinnamon Essential Oil (CEO) that has the potential to be used as a medicine for diabetic wounds.

Methods: Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was observed using the paper disc method. Antioxidant activity was examined the DPPH (2.2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl acid) method. Phenol content was tested using the Folin Ciocalteau method.

Results: The results showed that the antibacterial activity of CFEO was lower than that of CEO in a single form. The combination of CFEO: CEO was made with varied concentrations of 1.25; 2.5; and 5%. Each concentration has the following ratios (1:1), (1:2), (1:3), (2:1), and (3:1). The highest antibacterial activity was found at a concentration of 5% combination (1:3) with an average inhibition zone diameter of 20.61±1.07. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of CFEO, CEO, and the combination of CFEO: CEO (1:3) against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria were 0.078%, 0.046%, and (0.0195:0.0935%). The antioxidant activity of the CFEO: CEO (3:1) combination showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 42,706 ppm. Single CFEO showed had a higher phenol content of 548.065 mgGAE/g compared to single CEO. The combination CFEO: CEO (3:1) showed the highest phenol content of 262,473 mgGAE/g compared to combination (1:1) and (1:3).

Conclusion: Based on the results, the combination of CFEO and CEO (3:1) has the highest antibacterial activity, antioxidant and phenol content. Therefore, it can be proposed as an active ingredient for diabetic wound preparation.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Novianti R, Ardana M, Sastyarina Y. Literatur review: aktivitas antibakteri terhadap bakteri penyebaba gangren dari minyak atsiri berbagai tanaman herbal. Proceeding Mulawarman Pharm Conf. 2020;12(1):190-6. doi: 10.25026/mpc.v12i1.424.

Dhillon J, Sopacua E, Tandanu E. Insidensi gangren diabetikum pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di rumah sakit royal prima. Jambura J Helath Sci Res. 2022;4(1):453. doi: 10.35971/jjhsr.v4i1.12137.

Kuman SA. Kuman dan uji kepekaan antibiotik di kaki diabetik .Indonesian Journal of Clinical Pathology and Medical Laboratory. 2016;20(1):20-4. doi: 10.24293/ijcpml.v20i1.443.

Eming SA, Martin P, Tomic Canic M. Wound repair and regeneration: mechanisms signaling and translation. Sci Transl Med. 2014 Dec 3;6(265):265sr6. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3009337, PMID 25473038, PMCID PMC4973620.

Pereira RF, Bartolo PJ. Traditional therapies for skin wound healing. Adv Wound Care. 2016;5(5):208-29. doi: 10.1089/wound.2013.0506, PMID 27134765.

Anwer MK, Jamil S, Ibnouf EO, Shakeel F. Enhanced antibacterial effects of clove essential oil by nanoemulsion. J Oleo Sci. 2014;63(4):347-54. doi: 10.5650/jos.ess13213, PMID 24599109.

El-Far A, Samir S, El-Gebaly E, Taha NY, Fahmy EM, Diab TM. Assessment of eugenol inhibitory effect on biofilm formation and biofilm gene expression in methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates in Egypt. Infect Genet Evol. 2021;89:104722. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.104722, PMID 33444856.

Kaur K, Kaushal S, Rani R. Chemical composition antioxidant and antifungal potential of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) essential oil its major compound and its derivatives. J Essent Oil Bear Plants. 2019;22(5):1195-217. doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2019.1688689.

Mohammed KA, Abdulkadhim HM, Noori SI. Chemical composition and anti-bacterial effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) flowers. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci. 2016;5(2):483-9. doi: 10.20546/ijcmas.2016.502.054.

Firmino DF, Cavalcante TT, Gomes GA, Firmino NC, Rosa LD, DE Carvalho MG. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of Cinnamomum sp essential oil and cinnamaldehyde: antimicrobial activities. Scientific World Journal. 2018 Jun 6;2018:7405736. doi: 10.1155/2018/7405736, PMID 29977171, PMCID PMC6011056.

Nabavi SF, DI Lorenzo A, Izadi M, Sobarzo Sanchez E, Daglia M, Nabavi SM. Antibacterial effects of cinnamon: from farm to food cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Nutrients. 2015 Sep 11;7(9):7729-48. doi: 10.3390/nu7095359, PMID 26378575, PMCID PMC4586554.

Yadav MK, Chae SW, IM GJ, Chung JW, Song JJ. Eugenol: a phyto compound effective against methicillin-resistant and methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus clinical strain biofilms. PLOS ONE. 2015 Mar 17;10(3):e0119564. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119564, PMID 25781975, PMCID PMC4364371.

Topa SH, Palombo EA, Kingshott P, Blackall LL. Activity of cinnamaldehyde on quorum sensing and biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics in pseudomonas aeruginosa. Microorganisms. 2020 Mar 23;8(3):455. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms8030455, PMID 32210139, PMCID PMC7143970Y.

Kim Y, Kim S, Cho KH, Lee JH, Lee J. Antibiofilm activities of cinnamaldehyde analogs against uropathogenic escherichia coli and staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(13):7225. doi: 10.3390/ijms23137225, PMID 35806244.

El-Mesallamy AM, El-Gerby M, Azim MH, Awad A. Antioxidant antimicrobial activities and volatile constituents of clove flower buds oil. J Essent Oil Bear Plants. 2012;15(6):900-7. doi: 10.1080/0972060X.2012.10662592.

Perteghella S, Garzoni A, Invernizzi A, Sorrenti M, Boselli C, Icaro Cornaglia A. Nanoemulsions of clove oil stabilized with chitosan oleate antioxidant and wound-healing activity. Antioxidants (Basel). 2023 Jan 26;12(2):273. doi: 10.3390/antiox12020273, PMID 36829832, PMCID PMC9952436.

Amelia B, Saepudin E, Cahyana AH, Rahayu DU, Sulistyoningrum AS, Haib J. GC-MS analysis of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) bud essential oil from java and Manado. AIP Conference Proceedings; 2017. doi: 10.1063/1.4991186.

Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Farmakope herbal Indonesia herbal. Pocket Handb Nonhum Primate Clin Med. 2017:307-10.

Sidiropoulou E, Marugan Hernandez V, Skoufos I, Giannenas I, Bonos E, Aguiar Martins K. In vitro antioxidant antimicrobial anticoccidial and anti-inflammatory study of essential oils of oregano thyme and sage from epirus greece. Life (Basel). 2022 Nov 4;12(11):1783. doi: 10.3390/life12111783, PMID 36362938, PMCID PMC9693314.

Rutkowska M, Olszewska MA, Kolodziejczyk Czepas J, Nowak P, Owczarek A. Sorbus domestica leaf extracts and their activity markers: antioxidant potential and synergy effects in scavenging assays of multiple oxidants. Molecules. 2019 Jun 20;24(12):2289. doi: 10.3390/molecules24122289, PMID 31226759, PMCID PMC6630621.

Purkait S, Bhattacharya A, Bag A, Chattopadhyay RR. Synergistic antibacterial antifungal and antioxidant efficacy of cinnamon and clove essential oils in combination. Arch Microbiol. 2020 Aug;202(6):1439-48. doi: 10.1007/s00203-020-01858-3, PMID 32185411.

Chou TC, Motzer RJ, Tong Y, Bosl GJ. Computerized quantitation of synergism and antagonism of taxol topotecan and cisplatin against human teratocarcinoma cell growth: a rational approach to clinical protocol design. J Natl Cancer Inst. 1994 Oct 19;86(20):1517-24. doi: 10.1093/jnci/86.20.1517, PMID 7932806.

CLSI. Clinical and laboratory standards institute methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically standard. approval cdm-a. m07 methods dilution antimicrob susceptibility tests bact. That Grow Aerob. 2018:91.

Alhazmi A, Aldairi AF, Alghamdi A, Alomery A, Mujalli A, Obaid AA. Antibacterial effects of Commiphora gileadensis methanolic extract on wound healing. Molecules. 2022 May 21;27(10):3320. doi: 10.3390/molecules27103320, PMID 35630797, PMCID PMC9143547.

Abullais Saquib S, Abdullah Al Qahtani N, Ahmad I, Arora S, Mohammed Asif S, Ahmed Javali M. Synergistic antibacterial activity of herbal extracts with antibiotics on bacteria responsible for periodontitis. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2021 Nov 30;15(11):1685-93. doi: 10.3855/jidc.14904, PMID 34898497.

Taylor S, Todd PA. Understanding information technology usage: a test of competing models. Information Systems Research. 1995;6(2):144-76. doi: 10.1287/isre.6.2.144.

Denkova Kostova R, Teneva D, Tomova T, Goranov B, Denkova Z, Shopska V. Chemical composition antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from tangerine (Citrus reticulata L.) grapefruit (Citrus paradisi L.) lemon (Citrus lemon L.) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume). Z Naturforsch C J Biosci. 2021;76(5-6):175-85. doi: 10.1515/znc-2020-0126, PMID 33909955.

DA Nobrega Alves D, Monteiro AF, Andrade PN, Lazarini JG, Abilio GM, Guerra FQ. Docking prediction antifungal activity anti-biofilm effects on Candida spp and toxicity against human cells of cinnamaldehyde. Molecules. 2020 Dec 16;25(24):5969. doi: 10.3390/molecules25245969, PMID 33339401, PMCID PMC7767272.

Abo-Salem HM, Abd El Salam HA, Abdel Aziem AM, Abdel Aziz MS, El-Sawy ER. Synthesis molecular docking and biofilm formation inhibitory activity of bis(Indolyl)Pyridines analogues of the marine alkaloid nortopsentin. Molecules. 2021 Jul 6;26(14):4112. doi: 10.3390/molecules26144112, PMID 34299385, PMCID PMC8304590.

Lely N, Firdiawan A, Martha S. Efektivitas antibakteri minyak atsiri rimpang jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) terhadap bakteri jerawat. Scientia J Far Kes. 2016;6(1):44. doi: 10.36434/scientia.v6i1.41.

Shahina Z, Molaeitabari A, Sultana T, Dahms TE. Cinnamon leaf and clove essential oils are potent inhibitors of Candida albicans virulence traits. Microorganisms. 2022 Oct 8;10(10):1989. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10101989, PMID 36296264, PMCID PMC9607542.

Rollando R, Sitepu R. Antibacterial effect of combination of masoyi essential oil and cinnamon. J Kefarmasian Indones. 2018;8(1):26-33.

Vasconcelos NG, Croda J, Simionatto S. Antibacterial mechanisms of cinnamon and its constituents: a review. Microb Pathog. 2018 Jul;120:198-203. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.04.036, PMID 29702210.

Arianie L, Widodo IED, Iftitah ED, Warsito. Natural isothiocyanate anti-malaria: molecular docking physicochemical ADME toxicity and synthetic accessibility study of eugenol and cinnamaldehyde. Int J App Pharm. 2021;2021:82-8. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2021v13i6.42292.

Laila L, Candra A, Permata YM, Prasetyo BE. The influence of catharanthus roseus (L.) G. don. ethanol extract in clove oil nanoemulsion: physical characterization antioxidant and antibacterial activities. Int J App Pharm. 2023;15(3):254-60. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2023v15i3.47138.

Rosarior VL, Lim PS, Wong WK, Yue CS, Yam HC, Tan SA. Antioxidant-rich clove extract a strong antimicrobial agent against urinary tract infections causing bacteria in vitro. Trop Life Sci Res. 2021 Jun;32(2):45-63. doi: 10.21315/tlsr2021.32.2.4, PMID 34367514, PMCID PMC8300942.

Aulifa DL, Wibowo DP, Safitri N, Budiman A. Formulation of effervescent granules from red ginger [Zingiberis officinale roscoe var. Rubrum]. Int J App Pharm. 2022;14(1):112-5. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2022v14i1.43377.