FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NOVEL HERBOSPHERES DELIVERY SYSTEM OF LEAF EXTRACT OF VERNONIA AMYGDALINA DEL (ASTERACEAE)
Abstract
Objectives: The objectives of the study were to formulate herbospheres of V. amygdalina leaf-extract and to study the in vitro and antibacterial properties of the formulations
Vernonia amygdalina, Del (Asteraceae) is a tropical shrub used throughout West Africa for the management of diabetes and other metabolic diseases associated with the liver. The plant has acquired special relevance recently, having been proved in human medicine to possess potent antimalarial, antihelmintic, and antitumorigenic properties.
Methods: Herbospheres were formulated with lipid matrices consisting of goat fat (70%) and Phospholipon® 90H (30%) by melt homogenization and characterized for taste masking, particle size, pH, encapsulation efficiency, and loading capacity. Inhibition zone diameter of the herbospheres was studied.
Results: Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, protein, steroids, flavonoids, and cardiac glycosides in substantial quantities. Acid compounds and oils were, however, absent. The particle size of herbospheres ranged from 6.90±0.2 to 28.50±0.71 μm and was significantly affected by the type of surfactant used (p < 0.05). The pH ranged from 5.6 to 5.9 at day 1 and 4.1 to 4.4 at 30 days. Highest EE of 90–92 % was obtained and was significantly affected by surfactant used (p<0.05). Formulations exhibited significantly higher inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus than tetracycline pure sample used as the reference drug (p<0.05).
Conclusion: V. amygdalina herbospheres formulations had antibacterial properties in addition to taste masking and high encapsulation of the extract.
References
Igile GO, Oleszyek W, Burda S, Jurzysta N. Nutritional assessment of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in growing mice. J Agric Food Chem 1995;43:2126-66.
Bosch CH, Borus DJ, Siemonsma JS. Vegetables of Tropical Africa. Conclusions and Recommendations Based on PROTA 2: Vegetables. Vol. 10. Wageningen, Netherlands: PROTA Foundation; 2010. p. 68.
Ijeh II, Akomas SC. Effect of oral administration of ethanolic extract of Vernonia amygdalina on the exocrine functions in weanling rabbits. Cont J Bio Sci 2011;5:3-6.
Ijeh II, Kalu KI, Ejike EC. Effect of leaf aqueous extracts of Vernonia amygdalina Del on contraction of mammary gland and uterus of guinea pig dams. Am J Trop Med Public Health 2011;1:107-16.
Oboh FO, Masodje HI. Nutritional and antimicrobial properties of Vernonia amygdalina Leaves. Int J Biomed Hlth Sci 2009;5:51-7.
Gill LS. Ethnomedical uses of Plants in Nigeria. Benin City, Nigeria: Uniben Press; 1992. p. 243.
Hamowia AM, Saffaf AM. Pharmacological studies on Vernonia amygdalina (Del) and Tithonia diversifolia (Gray). Vet Med Giza 1994;2:91-7.
Akah PA, Okafor CI. Hypoglycemic effect of Vernonia amygdalina (Del) in experimental rabbits. Plant Med Res 1992;1:6-10.
Nwanjo HU. Efficacy of aqueous leaf extract of Vernonia amygdalina on the plasma lipoprotein and oxidative status of diabetic rat models. Nig J Physio Sci 2005;20:39-42.
American Association of Veterinary Parasitology (AAVP) Newsletter. Control of nematode infection by African great apes: A new paradigm for treating parasitic infection with natural medicine. Am Ass Vet Parasitol Newsl 1998;20: ???.
Ogboli AU, Nock IH, Abduraham EM, Ibrahim ND. Medicinal application of Vernonia amygdalina, del leaf extracts in treatment of schistosomiasis in mice. Nig J Nat Prod Med 2000;4:73-5.
Masaba SC. The antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina del (compositae). Trans Roy Soc Trop Med Hyg 2000;99:694-5.
Asuquo OR, Igiri AO, Akpan JE, Akpaso MI. Cardioprotective potential of Vernonia amygdalina and Ocimum gratissimum against Streptozotocin (Stz)-induced diabetes in wistar rats. Internet J Trop Med 2010;7:1.
Igile GO, Oleszek W, Burda S, Jurzysta M, Fafumo M, Fasamade AA. Flavonoids from Veronica amygdalina and their antioxidant activities. J Agric Food Chem 1994;42:2445-8.
Philipson JD, Wright CW, Kirby CC, Warhust DC. Phytochemistry of Some Plants used in Traditional Medicine for the Treatment of Protozoal Diseases. International Symposium of the Phytochemical Society of Europe, University of Lausanne, Switzerland; 1993. p. 13.
Leonard BS, Karen LL, Bruce B, Thomas FK, Jay HH. Complementary and alternative medicine in chronic liver disease. Hematology 2002;34:595-603.
Uhegbu FO, Ogbuehi KJ. Effect of aqueous extract (crude) of leaves of Vernonia amygdalina (Del) on blood glucose, serum albumin and cholesterol levels in diabetic albino rats. Glob J Pure App Sci 2004;10:189-94.
Abosi AO, Raseroka BH. In vivo antimalarial activity of Vernonia amygdalina. Br J Biomed Sci 2003;60:89-91.
Izevbigie EB, Bryant JL, Walker A. A novel natural inhibitor of extracellular signal related kinases and human breast cancer cell growth. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2004;229:163-9.
Arhoghro EM, Ekpo KE, Anosike EO, Ibeh GO. Effect of aqueous extract of bitter leaf (Vernonia amygdalina Del) on carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced liver damage in albino wistar rats. Eur J Sci Res 2009;26:115-23.
Chime SA, Brown SA, Ugwoke CE, Agubata CO, Ubah JO, Onunkwo GC. Formulation of methanolic extract of Cymbopogon citratus tablets: In vitro evaluation. Drug Invent Toda. 2012;4:397-400.
Chime SA, Onyishi IV, Onunkwo GC. In vitro properties of solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) loaded with methanolic extract of Garcinia kola (heckel) SEED. Inno J Ayur Sci 2013;1:16-20.
Chime SA, Ugwuoke EC, Onyishi IV, Brown SA, Onunkwo GC. Formulation and evaluation of Alstonia boonei stem bark powder tablets. Indian J Pharm Sci 2013b;75:226-30.
Onyechi JO, Chime SA, Onyishi IV, Brown SA, Eleigwe PO, Onunkwo GC. Formulation and evaluation of Allium sativum tablets for improved oral delivery. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res 2013;22:6-10.
Singha A, Saharanb V, Singha M, Bhandaria A. Phytosome: Drug delivery system for polyphenolic phytoconstituents. Iran J Pharm Sci Aut 2011;7:209-19.
More MS, Shende MA, Kolhe DB, Jaiswal NM. Herbosomes: Herbo phospholipid complex an approach for absorption enhancement. Int J Bio Pharm Res 2012;3:946-55.
Shalini S, Ram KR. Phytosomes: An emerging technology. Int J Pharm Res Dev 2011;2:1-7.
Fouad EA, El-badry M, Mahrous GM, Alsarra IA, Alashbban Z, Alanazi FK. In vitro investigation for embedding dextromethorphan in lipids using spray drying. Digest J Nano Biostr 2011;6:1129-39.
Chime SA, Attama AA, Builders PF, Onunkwo G. Sustained release diclofenac potassium-loaded solid lipid microparticle, based on solidified reverse micellar solution (SRMS): In vitro and in vivo evaluation. J Microencapsul 2013b;30:335-45.
Umeyor EC, Kenechukwu FC, Ogbonna JD, Chime SA, Attama AA. Preparation of novel solid lipid microparticles loaded with gentamicin and its evaluation in vitro and in vivo. J Microb 2012;1-12. DOI: 10.3109/02652048.2011.651495.
Obitte NC, Chime SA, Magaret AA, Attama AA, Onyishi IV, Brown SA. Some in vitro and pharmacodynamic evaluation of indomethacin solid lipid microparticles. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol 2012;6:2309-17.
Harborne JB. Phytochemistry. London: Academic Press; 1993. p. 89 131.
Sofowora H. Screening plants for bioactive agents. In: Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine in Africa. 2nded. Ibadan Nigeria: Spectrum Books Ltd., Sunshine House; 1993. p. 134-56.
Trease GE, Evans WC. Pharmacology. 15th ed. London: Saunders Publishers. 2002. p. 42-4, 221-306, 331-93.
Edeoga HO, Okwu DE, Mbaebie BO. Phytochemical constituents of some Nigerian medicinal plants. Afr J Biotechnol 2005;4:685 8.
Alshawsh MA, Mothana RA, AlShamahy HA, Alsllami SF, Lindequist U. Assessment of antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum and phytochemical screening of some Yemeni medicinal plants. Evid Based Comp Alternat Med 2009;6:453-6.