LONG TERM CONDITIONS AND MENTAL HEALTH: AN AUDIT OF LOCAL DATA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijcpr.2021v13i2.51552Keywords:
Long term conditions, Mental illness, Community pharmacists, Mental health and memory screeningAbstract
Objective: Studies have shown that mental health is affected by poor physical health, with people living in the deprived area are the most affected. Community Pharmacists potentially have a new role in supporting people with mental illness and dementia to manage their medications. The aim of this local audit was to compare the local population to the national and global population, to inform the development and provision of local pharmacy mental health screening services, to support patients diagnosed with long-term conditions.
Methods: This project was designed as an audit of anonymised local data, to inform the development of services offered by community pharmacies to improve adherence to therapy amongst patients diagnosed with long-term conditions in the Black Country, UK. It forms part of a larger study granted ethical approval by the Health Research Authority in 2018. It was carried out against the background of the Covid-19 epidemic. A total of 652 patients pharmacy records were reviewed between March and April 2020. No patient identifiers were included in the reviewed data.
Results: This means that the results of this analysis might not be applicable to the entire local population outside the 31-90 y of age range.
Conclusion: It is was demonstrated during COVID-19 that pharmacists are well-positioned as easily accessible health care facilities to support patients, especially when the other NHS facilities are stretched or closed. Community pharmacies are in a position to offer large-scale screening programs such as self-completed anxiety, depression and cognitive function screening surveys and refer to general practitioners for further investigations. It is also recommended that the New Medicines Service include mental health disorder patients prescribed pharmacological therapy and to allow the pharmacists appropriate access to medical records to facilitate safe, integrated and effective patient care.
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References
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42. Beba H, Jukes D. Diabetes: mental health considerations in adults (CPD-Review). Pharm J 2020;1:1-7.
43. Smith KJ, Deschênes SS, Schmitz N. Investigating the longitudinal association between diabetes and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2018;35:677-93.
44. Gagnon C, Aime A, Belanger C, Markowitz JT. Comorbid diabetes and eating disorders in adult patients: assessment and considerations for treatment. Diabetes Educ 2012;38:537-42.
45. Dipnall JF, Pasco JA, Meyer D, Berk M, Williams LJ, Dodd S, et al. The association between dietary patterns, diabetes and depression. J Affect Disord 2015;174:215-24.
46. Hoffman B. Diabulimia-cultural determinants of eating disorders. Trakia J Sci 2019;2:187-95.
47. All parliamentary party group for diabetes. Diabetes and Mental Health; 2018. p. 1-21.
48. Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD. Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes--systematic overview of prospective observational studies. Diabetologia 2005;48:2460-9.
49. Biessels GJ, Staekenborg S, Brunner E, Brayne C, Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:64-74.
50. Williams Gray C, Worth PF. Parkinson's disease. Medicine 2016;44:542-6.
51. Marinus J, Zhu K, Marras C, Aarsland D, van Hilten JJ. Risk factors for non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:559-68.
52. Hemmerle AM, Herman JP, Seroogy KB. Stress, depression and Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2012;233:79-86.
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54. Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Kragh Sørensen P. Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8y prospective study. Arch Neurol 2003;60:387-92.
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60. Matcham F, Rayner L, Steer S, Hotopf M. The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52:2136-48.
61. Lwin MN, Serhal L, Holroyd C, Edwards CJ. Rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of mental health on disease: a narrative review. Rheumatol Ther 2020;7:457-71.
62. Del Giacco SR, Cappai A, Gambula L, Cabras S, Perra S, Manconi PE, et al. The asthma-anxiety connection. Respir Med 2016;120:44-53.
63. Treharne GJ, Lyons AC, Kitas GD. Suicidal ideation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Research may help identify patients at high risk. Br Med J 2000;321:1290.
64. Vallerand IA, Patten SB, Barnabe C. Depression and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2019;31:279-84.
65. Chou MH, Wang JY, Lin CL, Chung WS. DMARD use is associated with a higher risk of dementia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a propensity score-matched case-control study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017;334:217-22.
66. Harrison BD. Psychosocial aspects of asthma in adults. Thorax 1998;53:519-25.
67. Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC, Connolly MJ. Mood disorders in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rev Clin Gerontol 2000;10:193-202.
68. Krommydas GC, Gourgoulianis KI, Angelopoulos NV, Kotrotsiou E, Raftopoulos V, Molyvdas PA. Depression and pulmonary function in outpatients with asthma. Respir Med 2004;98:220-4.
69. Pumar MI, Gray CR, Walsh JR, Yang IA, Rolls TA, Ward DL. Anxiety and depression-important psychological comorbidities of COPD. J Thorac Dis 2014;6:1615-31.
70. Yohannes AM, Alexopoulos GS. Depression and anxiety in patients with COPD. J Eur Res Soc 2014;23:345-9.
71. Atlantis E, Fahey P, Cochrane B, Smith S. Bidirectional associations between clinically relevant depression or anxiety and COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2013;144:766-77.
72. Janssen DJ, Spruit MA, Leue C, Gijsen C, Hameleers H, Schols JM, et al. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in COPD patients entering pulmonary rehabilitation. Chron Respir Dis 2010;7:147-57.
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2. Singleton N, Bumpstead R, O'Brien M, Lee A, Meltzer H. Psychiatric morbidity among adults living in private households 2000. Null 2003;15:65-73.
3. NHS Health Scotland. Good Mental Health for All (Guidance); 2016. p. 1-32.
4. World Health Organisation. Mental health action plan 2013-2020; 2013. p. 1-45.
5. Mental Health Foundation. Surviving or thriving the state of the UK’s mental health; 2020. p. 1-26.
6. The Mental Health Policy Group. A manifesto for better health; 2015. p. 1-16.
7. Dementia: assessment, management and support for people living with dementia and their carers. Available from: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng97. [Last accessed on 21 Jan 2021].
8. NHS England. NHS five-year forward view. COVID-19 UK (COG-UK) Consortium; 2014.
9. NHS England. Next steps on the NHS five year forward view; 2017. p. 1-75.
10. Mental health “game-changer” care leads to 75 percent reduction in hospital admissions. Available from: Mental Health Foundation. Surviving or thriving the state of the UK’s mental health. Available from: https://www.wired-gov.net/wg/ news.nsf/articles/Mental+health+gamechanger+care+leads+to+75+per+cent+reduction+in+hospital+admissions+15052018091500?open. [Last accessed on 22 Jan 2021].
11. McMillan SS, Kelly F, Hattingh HL, Fowler JL, Mihala G, Wheeler AJ. The impact of a person-centered community pharmacy mental health medication support service on consumer outcomes. J Ment Health 2018;27:164-73.
12. Kane JM, Kishimoto T, Correll CU. Non-adherence to medication in patients with psychotic disorders: epidemiology, contributing factors and management strategies. World Psychiatry 2013;12:216-26.
13. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of, G B. No health without mental health: How can pharmacy support people with mental health problems? 2018. p. 1-22.
14. MHFA England. Adult mental health first aid manual. London: Mental Health First Aid England; 2016. p. 278.
15. The mental health task force. The Mental Health Five Year Forward View; 2016. p. 1-82.
16. Royal Pharmaceutical Society of, G B. Utilising pharmacists to improve the care for people with mental health problems; 2018. p. 1-10.
17. Elliott RA, Boyd MJ, Tanajewski L, Barber N, Gkountouras G, Avery AJ, et al. 'New medicine service': supporting adherence in people starting a new medication for a long-term condition: 26-week follow-up of a pragmatic randomised controlled trial. BMJ Qual Saf 2020;29:286-95.
18. Barber N, Parsons J, Clifford S, Darracott R, Horne R. Patients' problems with new medication for chronic conditions. Qual Saf Health Care 2004;13:172-5.
19. Naylor C, Parsonage M, McDaid D. Long-term conditions and mental health the cost of co-morbidities. Centre for Mental Health; 2012. p. 1-32.
20. World Health Organisation. 10 Facts about Mental health; 2019. p. 10.
21. Erskine HE, Moffitt TE, Copeland WE, Costello EJ, Ferrari AJ, Patton G, et al. A heavy burden on young minds: the global burden of mental and substance use disorders in children and youth. Psychol Med 2015;45:1551-63.
22. Prout T. Community pharmacies are uniquely positioned to help people with disabilities; 2016. p. 1.
23. Accessible Information Standard. Available from: https://www.e-lfh.org.uk/accessible-information-standard/. [Last accessed on 22 Jan 2021]
24. Mental Health Foundation. Fundamental facts about mental health; 2016. p. 1-112.
25. Fox C, Richardson K, Maidment ID, Savva GM, Matthews FE, Smithard D, et al. Anticholinergic medication use and cognitive impairment in the older population: the medical research council cognitive function and ageing study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011;59:1477-83.
26. World Health Organisation. About cardiovascular diseases. Available from: https://www.who.int/ cardiovascular_ diseases/about_cvd/en/. [Last accessed 22 Jan 2021].
27. Celano CM, Huffman JC. Depression and cardiac disease: a review. Cardiol Rev 2011;19:130-42.
28. Correll CU, Detraux J, De Lepeleire J, De Hert M. Effects of antipsychotics, antidepressants and mood stabilizers on risk for physical diseases in people with schizophrenia, depression and bipolar disorder. World Psychiatry 2015;14:119-36.
29. De Hert M, Detraux J, Vancampfort D. The intriguing relationship between coronary heart disease and mental disorders. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2018;20:31-40.
30. Barth J, Schumacher M, Herrmann Lingen C. Depression as a risk factor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 2004;66:802-13.
31. Daskalopoulou M, George J, Walters K, Osborn DP, Batty GD, Stogiannis D, et al. Depression as a risk factor for the initial presentation of twelve cardiac, cerebrovascular, and peripheral arterial diseases: data linkage study of 1.9 million women and men. PLoS One 2016;11:e0153838.
32. DE Hert M, Correll CU, Bobes J, Cetkovich Bakmas M, Cohen D, Asai I, et al. Physical illness in patients with severe mental disorders. I. Prevalence, impact of medications and disparities in health care. World Psychiatry 2011;10:52-77.
33. McElroy SL, Kotwal R, Malhotra S, Nelson EB, Keck PE, Nemeroff CB. Are mood disorders and obesity related? A review for the mental health professional. J Clin Psychiatry 2004;65:634-51.
34. Anu B, Palomaki Heikki, Matti L, Lonnqvist Jouko, Markku K. Poststroke Depression. Stroke 2003;34:138-43.
35. Parikh RM, Lipsey JR, Robinson RG, Price TR. Two-year longitudinal study of post-stroke mood disorders: dynamic changes in correlates of depression at one and two years. Stroke 1987;18:579-84.
36. Dieguez S, Staub F, Bruggimann L, Bogousslavsky J. Is poststroke depression a vascular depression? J Neurol Sci 2004;226:53-8.
37. Lin EH, Von Korff M, Alonso J, Angermeyer MC, Anthony J, Bromet E, et al. Mental disorders among persons with diabetes--results from the world mental health surveys. J Psychosom Res 2008;65:571-80.
38. International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas Ninth Edition 2019; 2019. p. 120.
39. Ducat L, Philipson LH, Anderson BJ. The mental health comorbidities of diabetes. JAMA 2014;312:691-2.
40. Perrin NE, Davies MJ, Robertson N, Snoek FJ, Khunti K. The prevalence of diabetes-specific emotional distress in people with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2017;34:1508-20.
41. Fisher L, Hessler D, Polonsky W, Strycker L, Masharani U, Peters A. Diabetes distress in adults with type 1 diabetes: prevalence, incidence and change over time. J Diabetes Complications 2016;30:1123-8.
42. Beba H, Jukes D. Diabetes: mental health considerations in adults (CPD-Review). Pharm J 2020;1:1-7.
43. Smith KJ, Deschênes SS, Schmitz N. Investigating the longitudinal association between diabetes and anxiety: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2018;35:677-93.
44. Gagnon C, Aime A, Belanger C, Markowitz JT. Comorbid diabetes and eating disorders in adult patients: assessment and considerations for treatment. Diabetes Educ 2012;38:537-42.
45. Dipnall JF, Pasco JA, Meyer D, Berk M, Williams LJ, Dodd S, et al. The association between dietary patterns, diabetes and depression. J Affect Disord 2015;174:215-24.
46. Hoffman B. Diabulimia-cultural determinants of eating disorders. Trakia J Sci 2019;2:187-95.
47. All parliamentary party group for diabetes. Diabetes and Mental Health; 2018. p. 1-21.
48. Cukierman T, Gerstein HC, Williamson JD. Cognitive decline and dementia in diabetes--systematic overview of prospective observational studies. Diabetologia 2005;48:2460-9.
49. Biessels GJ, Staekenborg S, Brunner E, Brayne C, Scheltens P. Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol 2006;5:64-74.
50. Williams Gray C, Worth PF. Parkinson's disease. Medicine 2016;44:542-6.
51. Marinus J, Zhu K, Marras C, Aarsland D, van Hilten JJ. Risk factors for non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2018;17:559-68.
52. Hemmerle AM, Herman JP, Seroogy KB. Stress, depression and Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2012;233:79-86.
53. Marsh L. Depression and Parkinson's disease: current knowledge. Curr Neurol Neurosci Reports 2013;13:409.
54. Aarsland D, Andersen K, Larsen JP, Lolk A, Kragh Sørensen P. Prevalence and characteristics of dementia in Parkinson disease: an 8y prospective study. Arch Neurol 2003;60:387-92.
55. Jacob EL, Gatto NM, Thompson A, Bordelon Y, Ritz B. Occurrence of depression and anxiety prior to Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010;16:576-81.
56. Chronic rheumatic conditions. Available from: https://www.who.int/chp/topics/rheumatic/en/. [Last accessed on 22 Jan 2021]
57. Smolen JS, Aletaha D, McInnes IB. Rheumatoid arthritis. Lancet 2016;388:2023-38.
58. Machin A, Hider S, Dale N, Chew-Graham C. Improving recognition of anxiety and depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a qualitative study in a community clinic. Br J Gen Pract 2017;67:e531-7.
59. VanDyke MM, Parker JC, Smarr KL, Hewett JE, Johnson GE, Slaughter JR, et al. Anxiety in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2004;51:408-12.
60. Matcham F, Rayner L, Steer S, Hotopf M. The prevalence of depression in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2013;52:2136-48.
61. Lwin MN, Serhal L, Holroyd C, Edwards CJ. Rheumatoid arthritis: the impact of mental health on disease: a narrative review. Rheumatol Ther 2020;7:457-71.
62. Del Giacco SR, Cappai A, Gambula L, Cabras S, Perra S, Manconi PE, et al. The asthma-anxiety connection. Respir Med 2016;120:44-53.
63. Treharne GJ, Lyons AC, Kitas GD. Suicidal ideation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Research may help identify patients at high risk. Br Med J 2000;321:1290.
64. Vallerand IA, Patten SB, Barnabe C. Depression and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2019;31:279-84.
65. Chou MH, Wang JY, Lin CL, Chung WS. DMARD use is associated with a higher risk of dementia in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a propensity score-matched case-control study. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017;334:217-22.
66. Harrison BD. Psychosocial aspects of asthma in adults. Thorax 1998;53:519-25.
67. Yohannes AM, Baldwin RC, Connolly MJ. Mood disorders in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Rev Clin Gerontol 2000;10:193-202.
68. Krommydas GC, Gourgoulianis KI, Angelopoulos NV, Kotrotsiou E, Raftopoulos V, Molyvdas PA. Depression and pulmonary function in outpatients with asthma. Respir Med 2004;98:220-4.
69. Pumar MI, Gray CR, Walsh JR, Yang IA, Rolls TA, Ward DL. Anxiety and depression-important psychological comorbidities of COPD. J Thorac Dis 2014;6:1615-31.
70. Yohannes AM, Alexopoulos GS. Depression and anxiety in patients with COPD. J Eur Res Soc 2014;23:345-9.
71. Atlantis E, Fahey P, Cochrane B, Smith S. Bidirectional associations between clinically relevant depression or anxiety and COPD: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2013;144:766-77.
72. Janssen DJ, Spruit MA, Leue C, Gijsen C, Hameleers H, Schols JM, et al. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in COPD patients entering pulmonary rehabilitation. Chron Respir Dis 2010;7:147-57.
73. Liao KM, Ho CH, Ko SC, Li CY. Increased risk of dementia in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015;94:e930.
Published
15-03-2021
How to Cite
MORRISSEY, H., O. ARIKAWE, P. PAUL, M. SANDHU, Z. SADIQUE, and P. BALL. “LONG TERM CONDITIONS AND MENTAL HEALTH: AN AUDIT OF LOCAL DATA”. International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research, vol. 13, no. 2, Mar. 2021, pp. 32-38, doi:10.22159/ijcpr.2021v13i2.51552.
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