CRUCIAL CHALLENGES IN EPIGENETIC CANCER THERAPEUTIC STRATEGY YET TO BE RESOLVED
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2016v8i12.14510Keywords:
Epigenetic therapy, Cancer, ChallengesAbstract
Cancer is considered by both genetic and epigenetic pathways. Although, genetic pathways are straightforward, but the reversibility and numerous unclear talks make epigenetic pathway complicated. DNA methylation, histone modifications and non-coding RNA (ncRNA) mediated gene silencing are the three known consequences in epigenetic alterations. In this context, small ncRNAs such as microRNA are known to regulate various components of cellular epigenetic machinery by up or down-regulating in pathogenesis; those are already known in a number of pathophysiological states. These types of biomarkers can be used in the diagnosis and therapeutic interventions in some instances. Although some epigenetic therapies have been introduced, but a number of challenges in each case are remarkable, encouraging more researchers in this field of novel strategy. This paper will discuss a short note on epigenetics and epigenetic therapeutic interventions along with crucial challenges yet to be resolved.
Downloads
References
Eun SH, Gan Q, Chen X. Epigenetic regulation of germ cell differentiation. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010;22:737-43.
Sharma S, Kelly TK, Jones PA. Epigenetics in cancer. Carcinogen 2010;31:27-36.
Ehrlich M. DNA methylation in cancer: too much, but also too little. Oncogene 2002;21:5400-13.
Skinner MK, Haque CG-BM, Nilsson E, Bhandari R, McCarrey JR. Environmentally induced transgenerational epigenetic reprogramming of primordial germ cells and the subsequent germ Line. PLoS One 2013;8:e66318.
You JS, Jones PA. Cancer genetics and epigenetics: two sides of the same coin? Cancer Cell 2012;22:9-20.
Wee S, Dhanak D, Li H, Armstrong SA, Copeland RA, Sims R, et al. Targeting epigenetic regulators for cancer therapy. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014;1309:30-6.
Campbell RM, Tummino PJ. Cancer epigenetics drug discovery and development: the challenge of hitting the mark. J Clin Invest 2014;124:64-9.
Saleem M, Abbas K, Manan M, Ijaz H, Ahmed B, Ali M, et al. Epigenetic therapy for cancer. Pak J Pharm Sci 2015;28:1023-32.
Das PM, Singal R. DNA methylation and cancer. J Clin Oncol 2004;22:4632-42.
Baylin SB, Jones PA. A decade of exploring cancer epigenome-biological and translational implications. Nat Rev Cancer 2011;11:726-34.
Clark SJ, Melki. DNA methylation and gene silencing in cancer: Which is the guilty party? Oncogene 2002;21:5380-7.
Daisy P, Suveena S. A review on comprehensive cancer pathways. Int J Appl Pharm 2014;6:1-5.
Verma M, Rogers S, Divi RL, Schully SD, Nelson S, Su LJ, et al. Epigenetic research in cancer epidemiology: trends, opportunities, and challenges. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2014;23:223-33.
Sanigaram V, Lingampally S, Boyana A, Vurumadla S. A prospective study on clinical evaluation, treatment pattern and adverse effects of anticancer drugs in various gynecological cancer patients. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2015;8:125-31.
Saxena R, Khan F, Masood M, Qureshi Z, Rathore M. Review on organ transplantation: a social, medical need. J Critic Rev 2016;3:23-9.
Islam MT, Streck L, Paz MFCJ, Sousa JMC, Alencar MVOB, Mata AMOF, et al. Preparation of phytol-loaded nanoemulsion and screening for antioxidant capacity. Int Arch Med 2016;9:1-15.
Stankov KM, Pavlović NM, Mikov MM. Epigenetic therapy of cancer. Hospital Pharmacol 2014;1:83-92.
Claus R, Lubbert M. Epigenetic targets in hematopoietic malignancies. Oncogene 2003;22:6489-96.
Jain PK. Epigenetics: the role of methylation in the mechanism of action of tumor suppressor genes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003;983:71-83.
Shankar E, Kanwal R, Candamo M, Gupta S. Dietary phytochemicals as epigenetic modifiers in cancer: Promise and challenges. Semin Cancer Biol 2016. Doi:10.1016/ j.semcancer.2016.04.002.
Kouzarides T. Chromatin modifications and their function. Cell 2007;128:693-705.
Hatziapostolou M, Iliopoulos D. Epigenetic aberrations during oncogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011;68:1681-702.
Lachner M, O'Carroll D, Rea S, Mechtler K, Jenuwein T. Methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 creates a binding site for HP1 proteins. Nat 2001;410:116-20.
Baylin SB, Herman JG. DNA hypermethylation in tumorigenesis: epigenetics joins genetics. Trends Genet 2000;16:168-74.
Jones PA, Baylin SB. The fundamental role of epigenetic events in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 2002;3:415-28.
Cortez CC, Jones PA. Chromatin, cancer and drug therapies. Mutat Res 2008;647:44-51.
Handel AE, Ebers GC, Ramagopalan SV. Epigenetics: molecular mechanisms and implications for disease. Trends Mol Med 2010;16:7-16.
Ho AS, Turcan S, Chan TA. Epigenetic therapy: use of agents targeting deacetylation and methylation in cancer management. Onco Targets Ther 2013;6:223-32.
Eden A, Gaudet F, Waghmare A, Jaenisch R. Chromosomal instability and tumors promoted by DNA hypomethylation. Science 2003;300:455.
Marsoni S, Damia G, Camboni G. A work in progress: the clinical development of histone deacetylase inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2011;12:4475.
Wanczyk M, Roszczenko K, Marcinkiewicz K, Bojarczuk K, Kowara M, Winiarska M. HDACi–going through the mechanisms. Front Biosci 2011;16:340-59.
Taddei A, Maison C, Roche D, Almouzni G. Reversible disruption of pericentric heterochromatin and centromere function by inhibiting deacetylases. Nat Cell Biol 2001;3:114-210.
Glauben R, Sonnenberg E, Zeitz M, Siegmund B. HDAC inhibitors in models of inflammation-related tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2009;280:154-9.
Herman JG, Baylin SB. Gene silencing in cancer in association with promoter hypermethylation. N Engl J Med 2003;349:2042-54.
Hauschild A, Trefzer U, Garbe C, Kaehler KC, Ugurel S, Kiecker F, et al. Multicenter phase II trial of the histone deacetylase inhibitor pyridylmethyl-N-{4-[(2-aminophenyl)-carbamoyl]-benzyl}-carbamate in pretreated metastatic melanoma. Melanoma Res 2008;18:274-8.
Sun Y. Tumor microenvironment and cancer therapy resistance. Cancer Lett 2016;380:205-15.
Wapenaar H, Dekker FJ. Histone acetyltransferases: challenges in targeting bi-substrate enzymes. Clin Epigenet 2016;8:59.
Nieto Y, Valdez BC, Thall PF, Jones RB, Wei W, Myers A, et al. Double epigenetic modulation of high-dose chemotherapy with azacitidine and vorinostat for patients with refractory or poor-risk relapsed lymphoma. Cancer 2016;122:2680-8.
Taguchi YH, Iwadate M, Umeyama H. SFRP1 is a possible candidate for epigenetic therapy in non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Med Genomics 2016;9:28.
Saka S, Singh AN, Sharma N. Potential anti-cancer superfoods: a minireview. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2016;8:19-21.
Matei DE, Nephew KP. Epigenetic therapies for chemosensitization of epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2010;116:195-201.
Juergens RA, Wrangle J, Vendetti FP, Murphy SC, Zhao M, Coleman B, et al. Combination epigenetic therapy has efficacy in patients with refractory advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer Discovery 2011;1:598-607.
Thingholm LB, Andersen L, Makalic E, Southey MC, Thomassen M, Hansen LL. Strategies for integrated analysis of genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression variation in cancer: addressing the challenges. Front Genet 2016;7:2.
Pashayan N, Reisel D, Widschwendter M. Integration of genetic and epigenetic markers for risk stratification: opportunities and challenges. Per Med 2016;13:93-5.
Horvath S, Gurven M, Levine ME, Trumble BC, Kaplan H, Allayee H, et al. An epigenetic clock analysis of race/ethnicity, sex, and coronary heart disease. Genome Biol 2016;17:171.
Braun CJ, Hemann MT. Rewiring the solid tumor epigenome for cancer therapy. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2016;5:1-11.
Hernández-Aguilera A, Fernández-Arroyo S, Cuyàs E, Luciano-Mateo F, Cabre N, Camps J, et al. Epigenetics and nutrition-related epidemics of metabolic diseases: current perspectives and challenges. Food Chem Toxicol 2016;96:191-204.
Hatzimichael E, Crook T. Cancer epigenetics: new therapies and new challenges. J Drug Delivery 2013;2013:9.
Berman BP, Weisenberger DJ, Aman JF, Hinoue T, Ramjan Z, Liu Y, et al. Regions of focal DNA hypermethylation and long-range hypomethylation in colorectal cancer coincide with nuclear lamina-associated domains. Nat Genet 2012;44:40-6.
Uller T, Sinead English S, Pen I. When is incomplete epigenetic resetting in germ cells favored by natural selection? Proc R Soc B 2015;282. Doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.0682.
