CORRELATION OF SERUM ALBUMIN AND CREATININE WITH OXIDATIVE STRESS MARKERS IN PATIENTS HAVING NEPHROTIC SYNDROME

GLORY S. PARMAR; KINNARI N. MISTRY; SISHIR GANG

doi:10.22159/ijpps.2021v13i12.42931

Authors

GLORY S. PARMAR Department of M. Sc Integrated Biotechnology, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated, Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388121, Anand, Gujarat, India
KINNARI N. MISTRY Department of M. Sc Integrated Biotechnology, Ashok and Rita Patel Institute of Integrated, Study and Research in Biotechnology and Allied Sciences, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388121, Anand, Gujarat, India
SISHIR GANG Department of Nephrology, Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Dr. V. V. Desai Road, Nadiad, 387001, Gujarat, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2021v13i12.42931

Keywords:

Nephrotic Syndrome (NS), Oxidative stress, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Glutathione (GSH), Superoxide Dismutase (SOD), Indian children

Abstract

Objective: Children with nephrotic syndrome (NS) have a stressful condition, and oxidative damage may impair their treatment response. This study aims to gain a better understanding of the relationship between oxidative stress and NS to lay the basis for further research into improved diagnostic options, treatment, and prevention of the disease.

Methods: We took a blood sample from 100 Indian patients aged 2-14 y. Each patient was tested for oxidative stress. The buege method was used to assess MDA levels in patients. The pyrogallol method was used to measure SOD activity in blood serum, and the jollow method was used to measure glutathione levels.

Results: The levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA, SOD, and GSH) were compared between NS patients and the control. SOD and GSH concentrations were significantly decreased in the NS group when compared to the control. In contrast, MDA level was significantly higher in the NS group than in the control. In the correlation analysis, we found that the serum SOD activity was significantly positively correlated with serum albumin and creatinine level in patients with NS. Thus, oxidative stress in children with NS is indicated by reduced antioxidant potential because of low albumin. Therefore, it is thought that oxidative stress is implicated in the development of NS in Indian children.

Conclusion: We concluded that oxidative stress was intensified in children with NS due to decreased antioxidant levels caused by hypoalbuminemia.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Gupta VK, Mallika V, Gupta Y, Srivastava DK. Oxygen-derived free radicals in clinical context. Indian J Clin Biochem. 1992;7(1):3-10. doi: 10.1007/BF02867694.

Bakr A, Abul Hassan SA, Shoker M, Zaki M, Hassan R. Oxidant stress in primary nephrotic syndrome: does it modulate the response to corticosteroids? Pediatr Nephrol. 2009;24(12):2375-80. doi: 10.1007/s00467-009-1246-2, PMID 19644712.

Bourdon E, Blache D. The importance of proteins in defense against oxidation. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2001;3(2):293-311. doi: 10.1089/152308601300185241, PMID 11396483.

Koomans HA. Pathophysiology of acute renal failure in idiopatic nephrotic syndrome. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(2):221-4. doi: 10.1093/ndt/16.2.221.

Yared A, Ichikawa I. Glomerular circulation and function. In: Barrat Tm, Avner ED, Harmon WE. editors. Pediatric nephrology. 4th ed. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: 1999. p. 39-55.

Kinra S, Rath B, Kabi BC. Indirect quantification of lipid peroxidation in steroid-responsive nephrotic syndrome. Arch Dis Child. 2000;82(1):76-8. doi: 10.1136/adc.82.1.76, PMID 10630920.

Kashgarian M, Sterzel RB. The pathobiology of the mesangium. Kidney Int. 1992;41(3):524-9. doi: 10.1038/ki.1992.74, PMID 1573822.

Reddy P, Sindgikar S, Shenoy R, Shenoy V. Oxidative stress in childhood steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome and its correlation with DNA damage. Int J Contemp Pediatr. 2016;3:768-72. doi: 10.18203/2349-3291.ijcp20161853.

Meena BS, Agarwal BK, Mishra A, Kumar M. Correlation between oxidative stress and antioxidant in diabetic nephropathy. Int J Res Med Sci. 2020;4:26-9.

Ghodake SR, Suryakar AN, Ankush RD, Katkam RV, Shaikh K, Katta AV. Role of free radicals and antioxidant status in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Indian J Nephrol. 2011;21(1):37-40. doi: 10.4103/0971-4065.78062, PMID 21655168.

Lash LH. Role of glutathione transport processes in kidney function. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol. 2005;204(3):329-42. doi: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.10.004, PMID 15845422.

Buege JA, Aust SD. Microsomal lipid peroxidation. Methods Enzymol. 1978;52:302-10. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(78) 52032-6, PMID 672633.

Marklund S, Marklund G. Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. Eur J Biochem. 1974;47(3):469-74. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x, PMID 4215654.

Jollow DJ, Mitchell JR, Zampaglione N, Gillette JR. Bromobenzene-induced liver necrosis. Protective role of glutathione and evidence for 3, 4-bromobenzene oxide as the hepatotoxic metabolite. Pharmacology. 1974;11(3):151-69. doi: 10.1159/000136485, PMID 4831804.

Duann P, Datta PK, Pan C, Blumberg JB, Sharma M, Lianos EA. Superoxide dismutase mimetic preserves the glomerular capillary permeability barrier to protein. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2006;316(3):1249-54. doi: 10.1124/jpet.105.092957, PMID 16303918.

Ghodake SR, Suryakar AN, Ankush RD, Katkam RV, Shaikh K, Katta AV. Role of free radicals and antioxidant status in childhood nephrotic syndrome. Indian J Nephrol. 2011;21(1):37-40. doi: 10.4103/0971-4065.78062, PMID 21655168.

Kamireddy R, Kavuri S, Devi S, Vemula H, Chandana D, Harinarayanan S, James R, Rao A. Oxidative stress in pediatric nephrotic syndrome. Clin Chim Acta. 2002;325(1-2):147-50. doi: 10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00294-2, PMID 12367779.

Nagata M. Podocyte injury and its consequences. Kidney Int. 2016;89(6):1221-30. doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.01.012, PMID 27165817.

Rajendiran D, Packirisamy S, Gunasekaran K. A review on the role of antioxidants in diabetes. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(2):48-53. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i2.23241.

Sireesha K, Rao SP. Oxidative stress and diabetes: an overview. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2015;8:15-9.

Kohen R, Nyska A. Oxidation of biological systems: oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicol Pathol. 2002;30(6):620-50. doi: 10.1080/01926230290166724, PMID 12512863.

Túri S, Németh I, Torkos A, Sághy L, Varga I, Matkovics B, Nagy J. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense mechanism in glomerular diseases. Free Radic Biol Med. 1997;22(1-2):161-8. doi: 10.1016/s0891-5849(96)00284-5, PMID 8958140.

Templar J, Kon SP, Milligan TP, Newman DJ, Raftery MJ. Increased plasma malondialdehyde levels in glomerular disease as determined by a fully validated HPLC method. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999;14(4):946-51. doi: 10.1093/ndt/14.4.946, PMID 10328476.

Pavlova EL, Lilova MI, Savov VM. Oxidative stress in children with kidney disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20(11):1599-604. doi: 10.1007/s00467-005-1990-x, PMID 16001281.

McCord JM. Human disease, free radicals, and the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Clin Biochem. 1993;26(5):351-7. doi: 10.1016/0009-9120(93)90111-i, PMID 8299205.

Koninsberger JC, Asbeck BS, Iassen E. Copper zinc-superoxide dismutase and hydrogen peroxide: A hydroxyl radical generating system. Clin Chim Acta. 1994;23:51-61.

Bülbul M, Oner A, Demircin G, Erdogan O. Oxidative stress in children with acute glomerulonephritis. Ren Fail. 2008;30(2):209-14. doi: 10.1080/08860220701813319, PMID 18300123.

Demircin G, Oner A, Unver Y, Bulbul M, Erdogan O. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity and plasma malondialdehyde levels in children with Henoch Schönlein purpura. Acta Paediatr. 1998;87(8):848-52. doi: 10.1080/080352598750013617, PMID 9736232.

Mayura AK, Suparma MB, Pratima K. Role of antioxidants and nutrition in oxidative stress. Int J Appl Pharm. 2015;7:1-4.

Meister A, Anderson ME. Glutathione. Annu Rev Biochem. 1983;52:711-60. doi: 10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.003431, PMID 6137189.

Ghodake SR, Suryakar AN, Kulhalli PM, Padalkar RK, Shaikh AK. A study of oxidative stress and influence of antioxidant vitamins supplementation in patients with major depression. Curr Neurobiol. 2012;3:107-11.

Mistry KN, Dabhi BK, Joshi BB. Evaluation of oxidative stress biomarkers and inflammation in pathogenesis of diabetes and diabetic nephropathy. Ind J Biochem Biophys. 2020;57:45-50.

Beaman M, Birtwistle R, Howie AJ, Michael J, Adu D. The role of superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide in glomerular injury induced by puromycin aminonucleoside in rats. Clin Sci (Lond). 1987;73(3):329-32. doi: 10.1042/cs0730329, PMID 2820648.

Chen HC, Tomino Y, Yaguchi Y, Fukui M, Yokoyama K, Watanabe A, Koide H. Oxidative metabolism of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) in patients with IgA nephropathy. J Clin Lab Anal. 1992;6(1):35-9. doi: 10.1002/jcla.1860060108, PMID 1542082.

Vega-Warner V, Ransom RF, Vincent AM, Brosius FC, Smoyer WE. Induction of antioxidant enzymes in murine podocytes precedes injury by puromycin aminonucleoside. Kidney Int. 2004;66(5):1881-9. doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.00962.x, PMID 15496159.