DEVELOPMENT OF MICROEMULSION AND WATER/OIL/WATER MULTIPLE EMULSION CONTAINING BETA-ARBUTIN, LACTIC ACID, AND SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE

Authors

  • SILVIA SURINI Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia
  • NUR MPN NEGORO Laboratory of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology Development, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok, West Java, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s1.FF048

Keywords:

Beta-arbutin, Lactic acid, Sodium ascorbyl phosphate, Multiple emulsions, Microemulsions

Abstract

Objective: In addition to lactic acid and sodium ascorbyl phosphate, which have whitening effects, beta-arbutin is a safe whitening agent for skin.
Combining these three substances should reduce the concentration of each one in a formula and achieve an optimal whitening effect. In this study,
microemulsions and water/oil/water (W/O/W) multiple emulsions were applied to produce a formula containing these whitening agents.
Methods: All the active ingredients were formulated into microemulsions and W/O/W multiple emulsions with different concentrations of Tween 80
and Span 80 as emulsifiers to obtain a stable formula. Twelve-week physical stability studies were performed for every formula at low (4±2°C), room
(28±2°C), and high (40±2°C) temperatures.
Results: The produced microemulsions were transparent with a mean droplet size of 15.50 nm. In addition, the W/O/W multiple emulsions contained
droplets within droplets, which were dispersed in a continuous phase with an inner droplet size of 0.15 μm and an outer droplet size of 0.37 μm. The
W/O/W multiple emulsions showed pseudoplastic thixotropic flow properties. Furthermore, the microemulsions were stable at low (4±2°C) and
room (28±2°C) temperatures, while the W/O/W multiple emulsions were stable at room (28±2°C) and high (40±2°C) temperatures.
Conclusion: It was concluded that the combination of beta-arbutin, lactic acid, and sodium ascorbyl phosphate was suitable for formulating into
microemulsions as well as W/O/W multiple emulsions as whitening cosmetic products.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Goon P, Allison C. Whose debt? Globalization and White-facing in
Asia. Intersections: Gender, History and Culture in the Asian Context.
Available from: http://www.sshe.murdoch.edu.au/intersections/issue9/
gooncraven.html.
2. Eric P, Hyun JM, Russel W, Junko K, Shalini B. Skin lightening and
beauty in four Asian cultures naacr. Assoc Consum Res 2008;35:273.
3. Draelos ZD, Thaman LA. Cosmetic Formulation of Skin Care Products.
New York: Taylor and Francis Group; 2006. p. 205-8.
4. Degen HG. Scientific committee on consumer products opinion on
?-arbutin. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015;73:866-77.
5. Parvez S, Kang M, Chung HS, Cho C, Hong MC, Shin MK, et al.
Survey and mechanism of skin depigmenting and lightening agents.
Phytother Res 2006;20:921-34.
6. Chakraborty AK, Funasaka Y, Komoto M, Ichihashi M. Effect of
arbutin on melanogenic proteins in human melanocytes. Pigment Cell
Res 1998;11:206-12.
7. Elsner P, Maibach HI. Cosmeuticals and Active Cosmetics: Drug Versus
Cosmetics. New York: Taylor and Francis Group; 2005. p. 272-3.
8. Stiller MJ, Bartolone J, Stern R, Smith S, Kollias N, Gillies R, et al.
Topical 8% glycolic acid and 8% L-lactic acid creams for the treatment
of photodamaged skin. A double-blind vehicle-controlled clinical trial.
Arch Dermatol 1996;132:631-6.
9. Telang PS. Vitamin C in dermatology. Indian Dermatol Online J
2013;4:143-6.
10. Swarbrick J. Encyclopedia of Pharmaceutical Technology. 3rd ed. USA:
Informa Health Care; 2007. p. 1561-4.
11. Peira E, Carlotti ME, Cavalli R, Trotta M. Azelaic acid sodium salt
in the formulation of microemulsions for topical applications. J Drug
Deliv Sci Tech 2006;16:375-9.
12. Kumar R, Kumar MS, Mahadevan N. Multiple emulsions: A review.
Int J Recent Adv Pharm Res 2012;2:9-19.
13. Rahul S, Shweta K, Shailendra S, Swarnlata S. Formulation and
characterization of herbal cosmetic multiple emulsion. J Res Educ
Indian Med 2011;17:23-7.
14. Li P, Ghosh A, Wagner RF, Krill S, Joshi YM, Serajuddin AT. Effect
of combined use of nonionic surfactant on formation of oil-in-water
microemulsions. Int J Pharm 2005;288:27-34.
15. Spiclin P, Gasperlin M, Kmetec V. Stability of ascorbyl palmitate in
topical microemulsions. Int J Pharm 2001;222:271-9.
16. Schmidts T, Dobler D, Guldan AC, Paulus N, Runkel F. Multiple
W/O/W emulsions-using the required HLB for emulsifier evaluation.
Colloids Surf A 2010;372:48-54.
17. Ozer O, Muguet V, Roy E, Grossiord JL, Seiller M. Stability study
of W/O/W viscosified multiple emulsions. Drug Dev Ind Pharm
2000;26:1185-9.
18. Israelachvili JN, Mitchell DJ, Ninham BW. Theory of self-assembly
of hydrocarbon amphiphiles into micelles and bilayers. J Chem Soc
Faraday Trans II 1976;72:1525-68.
19. Al-Mulla A, Gupta R. Droplet coalescence in shear flow of model
emulsions. Rheol Acta 2000;39:20-5.
20. Dwarakanath V, Kostarelos K, Pope GA, Shotts D, Wade WH. Anionic
surfactant remediation of soil columns contaminated by nonaqueous
phase liquids. J Contam Hydrol 1999;38:465-88.
21. Kogan A, Garti N. Microemulsions as transdermal drug delivery
vehicles. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2006;123-126:369-85.
22. Mezzenga R, Folmer BM, Hughes E. Design of double emulsions by
osmotic pressure tailoring. Langmuir 2004;20:3574-82.
23. Jiao J, Rhodes DG, Burgess DJ. Multiple emulsion stability:
Pressure balance and interfacial film strength. J Colloid Interface Sci
2002;250:444-50.
24. Schuch A, Deiters P, Henne J, Köhler K, Schuchmann HP. Production
of W/O/W (water-in-oil-in-water) multiple emulsions: Droplet breakup
and release of water. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013;402:157-64.

Published

23-03-2020

How to Cite

SURINI, S., & NEGORO, N. M. (2020). DEVELOPMENT OF MICROEMULSION AND WATER/OIL/WATER MULTIPLE EMULSION CONTAINING BETA-ARBUTIN, LACTIC ACID, AND SODIUM ASCORBYL PHOSPHATE. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 12(1), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s1.FF048

Issue

Section

Original Article(s)

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 1 2 3 > >>