SUPPORTIVE THERAPY: AN OPTION TO ENHANCE HOST IMMUNITY AGAINST COVID-19
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2021v13i5.42341Keywords:
COVID 19 supportive therapy, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Nutrient supplementation, Host immunityAbstract
The threat posed by COVID 19 outbreak, which is considered to be a global pandemic, is immeasurably affecting all the communities worldwide. COVID-19 is a zoonotic disease, which can affect birds, humans and, other animals. The emergence of this pandemic has been creating a tragic situation worldwide by affecting more people through human-human transmission. The burden (both healthwise and economic) placed by the disease is so huge that any measures to improve the current situation, to fasten up the recovery of already affected patients and, to reduce the risk of death and health deterioration should be considered. Vaccination, being the hope in the scenario, helps in preventing the condition to an extent, but in the absence of availability of a proper drug regimen to fight off COVID 19, the requirement of the need to find a system to control the severity of the infection is a necessity Nutritional supplementation helps in boosting up the immune system especially, vitamins like vitamin C, Vitamin D, Zinc, Omega 3 fatty acids, etc. They also exhibit established immunomodulatory, antiviral as well as anti-inflammatory effects. Pieces of evidence have also highlighted the importance of supportive therapy using nutrient supplements in covid patients as it helps in prominent decreasing of SARS CoV2 load of the virus and also significantly reduces the hospitalization period. Hence the nutritional levels of each of the infected person must be assessed before initiating the anti-viral therapy. The search criteria used were PubMed, Medscape, google scholar, etc. The keywords used to search were COVID 19 Supportive therapy, Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Nutrient supplementation, Host immunity, etc. The range of years is between 1978 and 2021.
Downloads
References
Adhikari SP, Meng S, Wu YJ, Mao YP, Ye RX, Wang QZ, et al. Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review. Infect Dis Poverty 2020;9:1-2.
Cai M, Wang C, Li Y, Gu H, Sun S, Duan Y, et al. Virus-like particle vaccine by intranasal vaccination elicits protective immunity against respiratory syncytial viral infection in mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 2017;49:74-82.
Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Eng J Med 2020;382:1564-7.
Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. J Med Virol 2020;92:418–23.
Neuman BW, Adair BD, Yoshioka C, Quispe JD, Orca G, Kuhn P, et al. Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy. J Virol 2006;80:7918-28.
Li F. Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins. Annu Rev Virol 2016;3:237–61.
Kirchdoerfer RN, Cottrell CA, Wang N, Pallesen J, Yassine HM, Turner HL, et al. Pre-fusion structure of a human coronavirus spike protein. Nature 2016;53:118-21.
Walls AC, Tortorici MA, Bosch BJ, Frenz B, Rottier PJ, DiMaio F, et al. Cryo-electron microscopy structure of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein trimer. Nature 2016;53:114-7.
Holmes VK. SARS-associated coronavirus. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1948-5.
Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect 2020;104:246-51.
Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1177-9.
Cheng VC, Wong SC, Chen JH, Yip CC, Chuang VW, Tsang OT, et al. Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020;5:1–6.
Yuki K, Fujiogi M, Koutsogiannaki S. COVID-19 pathophysiology: a review. Clin Immunol 2020;215:108427.
Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, Sui J, Wong SK, Berne MA, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature 2003;426:450-4.
Chen Y, Guo Y, Pan Y, Zhao ZJ. Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020;525:135-40.
Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, Han P, Hao J, Han Z. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med 2020;14:185–92.
Yoshikawa T, Hill T, Li K, Peters CJ, Tseng CT. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-induced lung epithelial cytokines exacerbate SARS pathogenesis by modulating intrinsic functions of monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. J Virol 2009;83:3039–48.
Gurwitz D. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS‐CoV‐2 therapeutics. Drug Dev Res 2020;81:1-4.
Cui S, Chen S, Li X, Liu S, Wang F. Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients with severe novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost 2020;18:1421-4.
Zhang B, Zhou X, Zhu C, Song Y, Feng F, Qiu Y. Immune phenotyping based on the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and IgG level predicts disease severity and outcome for patients with COVID-19. Front Mol Biosci 2020;7:157.
Opal SM. Interactions between coagulation and inflammation. Scand J Infect Dis 2003;35:545-54.
Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, Xie X. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol 2020;17:259-60.
Gu J, Han B, Wang J. COVID-19: gastrointestinal manifestations and potential fecal-oral transmission. J Gastro 2020;158:1518-9.
Unhale SS, Ansar QB, Sanap S, Thakhre S, Wadatkar S, Bairagi R, et al. A review on coronavirus (COVID-19). WJPLS 2020;6:109-15.
Gao Z, Xu Y, Sun C, Wang X, Guo Y, Qiu S, et al. A systematic review of asymptomatic infections with COVID-19. J Microbiol Immunol 2021;54:12-6.
WHO. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection (SARI) when COVID-19 disease is suspected; 2020.
Singhal T. A review on coronavirus disease-2019(COVID-19). Indian J Pediatr 2020;87:281-6.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497-506.
Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA 2020;324:782-93.
Sethuraman N, Jeremiah SS, Ryo A. Interpreting diagnostic tests for SARS-CoV-2. JAMA 2020;323:2249-51.
Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in different types of clinical specimens. JAMA 2020;323:1843-4.
Goudouris ES. Laboratory diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pediatr 2021;97:7-12.
Deeks JJ, Dinnes J, Takwoingi Y, Davenport C, Spijker R, Taylor Phillips S, et al. Antibody tests for identification of current and past infection with SARS‐CoV‐2. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;6:CD013652.
Shashank MP, Prithvi SS, Sujay S, Tejaswini M, Lakshmi VR, Jayanthi M, et al. The current status and perspectives for the emerging pandemic: covid-19. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2020;12:1-10.
Khan R, Irchhaiya R. In vitro in vivo evaluation of niosomal formulation of famotidine. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2020;1:15-22.
Hangargekar CB, Quazi RS, Joshi AA. A review on COVID-19-a global battle between life and death. Int J Curr Pharm Res 2020;12:19-24.
Chen G, Wu DI, Guo W, Cao Y, Huang D, Wang H. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest 2020;130:2620-9.
Gombart AF, Pierre A, Maggini S. A review of micronutrients and the immune system–working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients 2020;12:236.
Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL, Baggerly CA, French CB, Aliano JL, et al. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients 2020;12:988.
Calder PC. Nutrition, immunity and COVID-19. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2020;3:74.
Li G, Fan Y, Lai Y, Han T, Li Z, Zhou P, et al. Coronavirus infections and immune responses. J Med Virol 2020;92:424-32.
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020;395:497-506.
Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun 2020;109:102433.
Giamarellos Bourboulis EJ, Netea MG, Rovina N, Akinosoglou K, Antoniadou A, Antonakos N, et al. Complex immune dysregulation in COVID-19 patients with severe respiratory failure. Cell Host Microbe 2020;27:992-1000.
Semba RD. Vitamin A and immunity to viral, bacterial and protozoan infections. Proc Nutr Soc 1999;58:719-27.
Jee J, Hoet AE, Azevedo MP, Vlasova AN, Loerch SC, Pickworth CL, et al. Effects of dietary vitamin A content on antibody responses of feedlot calves inoculated intramuscularly with an inactivated bovine coronavirus vaccine. Am J Vet Res 2013;74:1353-62.
Dekker LH, Mora Plazas M, Marin C, Baylin A, Villamor E. Stunting associated with poor socioeconomic and maternal nutrition status and respiratory morbidity in colombian schoolchildren. Food Nutr Bull 2010;31:242-50.
Fawzi W, Mbise RL, Fataki MR, Herrera MG, Kawau F, Hertzmark E, et al. Vitamin supplementation and severity of pneumonia in children admitted to the hospital in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;68:187–92.
Julien MR, Gomes A, Varandas L, Rodrigues P, Malveiro F, Aguiar P, et al. A randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of vitamin A in mozambican children hospitalized with non-measles acute lower respiratory tract infections. Trop Med Int Health 1999;4:794–800.
Nacul L, Kirkwood BR, Arthur P, Morris SS, Magalhães M, Fink MC. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of efficacy of vitamin A treatment in non-measles childhood pneumonia. Br Med J 1997;315:505–10.
Rodriguez A, Hamer DH, Rivera J, Acosta M, Salgado G, Gordillo M, et al. Effects of moderate doses of vitamin A as an adjunct to the treatment of pneumonia in underweight and normal-weight children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;82:1090–6.
Stevensen C, Franchi LM, Hernandez H, Campos M, Gilman RH, Alvarez JO. Adverse effects of high-dose vitamin A supplements in children hospitalized with pneumonia. Pediatrics 1998;101:1–8.
Cameron C, Dallaire F, Vezina C, Muckle G, Bruneau S, Ayotte P, et al. Neonatal vitamin A deficiency and its impact on acute respiratory infections among preschool Inuit children. Can J Public Health 2008;99:102–6.
Grotto I, Mimouni M, Gdalevich M, Mimouni D. Vitamin A supplementation and childhood morbidity from diarrhea and respiratory infections: a meta-analysis. J Paediatr 2003;142:297–304.
Chen H, Zhuo Q, Yuan W, Wang J, Wu T. Vitamin A for preventing acute lower respiratory tract infections in children up to seven years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;23:CD006090.
Trottier C, Colombo M, Mann KK, MillerWH Jr, Ward BJ. Retinoids inhibit the measles virus through a type I IFN‐dependent bystander effect. FASEB J 2009;23:3203-12.
Chen Y, Liu Q, Guo D. Emerging coronaviruses: genome structure, replication, parthenogenesis. J Med Virol 2020;92:418-23.
Michele CA, Angel B, Valeria L, Teresa M, Giuseppe C, Giovanni M, et al. Vitamin supplements in the Era of SARS-Cov2 pandemic. GSC Biol Pharm Sci 2020;11:7-19.
Shakoor H, Feehan J, Mikkelsen K, Al Dhaheri AS, Ali HI, Platat C, et al. Be well: a potential role for vitamin B in COVID-19. Maturitas 2021;144:108-11.
Magrì A, Germano G, Lorenzato A, Lamba S, Chilà R, Montone M, et al. High-dose vitamin C enhances cancer immunotherapy. Sci Transl Med 2020;12:532.
Truwit JD, Hite RD, Morris PE, DeWilde C, Priday A, Fisher B, et al. Effect of vitamin C infusion on organ failure and biomarkers of inflammation and vascular injury in patients with sepsis and severe acute respiratory failure: the CITRIS-ALI randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2019;322:1261-70.
Atherton JG, Kratzing CC, Fisher A. The effect of ascorbic acid on infection chick-embryo ciliated tracheal organ cultures by coronavirus. Arch Virol 1978;56:195-9.
Hemila H. Vitamin C intake and susceptibility to pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997;16:836-7.
Field CJ, Johnson IR, Schley PD. Nutrients and their role in host resistance to infection. J Leukoc Biol 2002;71:16-32.
Hunt C, Chakravorty NK, Annan G, Habibzadeh N, Schorah CJ. The clinical effects of vitamin C supplementation in elderly hospitalised patients with acute respiratory infections. Int J Vit Nutr Res 1994;64:212-9.
Hemila H, Chalker E. Vitamin C can shorten the length of stay in the ICU: a meta-analysis. Nutrients 2019;11:708.
Colunga Biancatelli RM, Berrill M, Marik PE. The antiviral properties of vitamin C. Exp Rev Anti Ther 2020;18:99-101.
Marik PE, Khangoora V, Rivera R, Hooper MH, Catravas J. Hydrocortisone, vitamin C, and thiamine for the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: a retrospective before-after study. Chest 2017;151:1229-38.
Korah MC, Pv JR, Rajeswari R, Behanan A, Paul EP, Sivakumar T. Adverse effects and side effects on vitamin therapy: a review. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 2017;10:19-26.
Ferron Celma I, Mansilla A, Hassan L, Garcia Navarro A, Comino A, Bueno P, et al. Efect of vitamin C administration on neutrophil apoptosis in septic patients after abdominal surgery. J Surg Res 2009;153:224–30.
Carr A, Maggini S. Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients 2017;9:1211.
Liugan M, Carr A. Vitamin C and neutrophil function: findings from randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 2019;11:2102.
Heuser G, Vojdani A. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity and T and B cell function by bufered vitamin C in patients exposed to toxic chemicals: the role of protein kinase-C. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 1997;19:291–312.
Wang Y, Lin H, Lin B, Lin J. Efects of diferent ascorbic acid doses on the mortality of critically ill patients: a meta-analysis. Ann Intensive Care 2019;9:58.
Lakshmi VS, Menon RB, Raju K, Aiswarya M, Nair SC. Formulation and evaluation of lorazepam encapsulated collagen/pectin buccal patch. Int J Appl Pharm 2019;7:200-9.
Webb AR, Kline L, Holick MF. Influence of season and latitude on the cutaneous synthesis of vitamin D3: exposure to winter sunlight in Boston and Edmonton will not promote vitamin D3 synthesis in human skin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1988;67:373–8.
Bouillon R. Vitamin D status is worse in Africa than in other continents. Lancet 2019;8:e20–1.
Hughes DA, Norton R. Vitamin D and respiratory health. Clin Exp Immunol 2009;158:20–5.
Zdrenghea MT, Makrinioti H, Bagacean C, Bush A, Johnson SL, Stanciu LA. Vitamin D modulation of innate immune responses to respiratory viral infections. Rev Med Virol 2017;27:1–3.
Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA. Association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper respiratory tract infection in the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Arch Intern Med 2009;169:384–90.
Laaksi I, Ruohola JP, Tuohimaa P. An association of serum vitamin D concentrations<40 nmol/l with acute respiratory tract infection in young Finnish men. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:714–7.
Grant WB, Lahore H, McDonnell SL. Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths. Nutrients 2020;12:E988.
Huang F, Zhang C, Liu Q. Identification of amitriptyline HCl, flavin adenine dinucleotide, azacitidine and calcitriol as repurposing drugs for influenza A H5N1 virus-induced lung injury. PLoS Pathog 2020;16:e1008341.
Lee C. Controversial effffects of vitamin D and related genes on viral infections, pathogenesis, and treatment outcomes. Nutrients 2020;12:962.
Zhou W, Liu Y, Tian D, Wang C, Wang S, Cheng J, et al. Potential benefits of precisecorticosteroids therapy for severe 2019-nCoV pneumonia. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020;5:1-3.
Gautret P, Lagier JC, Parola P, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, Doudier B, et al. Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-labelnon-randomized clinical trial. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020;56:105949.
Maares M, Haase H. Zinc and immunity: an essential interrelation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016;611:58-65.
Awotiwon AA, Oduwole O, Sinha A, Okwundu CI. Zinc supplementation for the treatment of measles in children. Cochrane Database of Syst Rev 2017;6:CD011177.
Finzi E. Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 with high dose oral zinc salts: a report on four patients. Int J Inf Dis 2020;99:307-9.
Beck MA, Matthews CC. Micronutrients and host resistance to viral nfection. Proc Nutr Soc 2000;59:581-5.
Guillin OM, Vindry C, Ohlmann T, Chavatte L. Selenium, selenoproteins and viral infection. Nutrients 2019;11:2101.
Harthill M. Review: micronutrient selenium deficiency influences the evolution of some viral infectious diseases. Biol Trace Elem Res 2011;143:1325-36.
MaX, BiS, Wang Y, Chi X, Hu S. Combined adjuvant effect of ginseng stem-leaf saponins and selenium on immune responses to a live bivalent vaccine of Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus in chickens. Poult Sci 2019;98:3548-56.
Shakoor H, Feehan J, Al Dhaheri AS, Ali HI, Platat C, Ismail LC, et al. Immune-boosting role of vitamins D, C, E, zinc, selenium and omega-3 fatty acids: could they help against COVID-19? Maturitas 2020;143:1-9.
Parra Lara LG, Martine Arboleda JJ, Rosso F. Aithromycin and SARS-CoV-2 infection: where we are now and where we are going. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2020;22:680-4.
Chandran M, Maung AC, Mithal A, Parameswaran R. Vitamin D in COVID-19: dousing the fire or averting the storm?–A perspective from the Asia-Pacific. Osteoporos Sarcopenia 2020;6:97-105.
Murai IH, Fernandes AL, Sales LP, Pinto AJ, Goessler KF, Duran CSC, et al. Effect of a single high dose of vitamin D3 on hospital length of stayin patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 a randomied clinical trial. JAMA 2021;325:1053-60.
Philipp S, Claudia G, Ulrich K. Supplementation of the population during the COVID-19 pandemic with vitamins and micronutrients–how much evidence is needed. Swiss Med Wkly 2021;151:w20522.
Name JJ, Souza ACR, Vasconxelos AR, Prado PS, Pereira CPM. Zinc, vitamin d and vitamin c: perspectives for COVID-19 with a focus on physical tissue barrier integrity. Front Nutr 2020;7:606398.
Shakoor H, Feehan J, Al Dhaheri AS, Cheikh IL, Ali HI, Alhebshi SH, et al. Role of Vitamin D supplementation in aging patients with COVID-19. Maturitas 2021;S0378-5122:00041-44.
Rastogi A, Bhansali A, Khare N, Suri V, Yaddanapudi N, Sachdeva N, et al. Short term, high–dose vitamin D supplementation for COVID-19 disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, study (SHADE study). Postgrad Med J 2020. DOI:10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139065
Panfili FM, Roversi M, Argenio PD, Rossi P, Cappa M, Fintini D. Possible role of vitamin D in Covid-19 infection in pediatric population. J Endocrinol Invest 2021;44:27-35.
Carr AC, Rowes S. The emerging role of vitamin C in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Nutrients 2020;12:3286.
Jamali Moghadam Siahkali S, Zarezade B, Koolaji S, Seyed Alinaghi S, Zendehdel A, Taberestani M, et al. Safety and effectiveness of high-dose vitamin C in patients with covid-19: a randomized open-label clinical trial. Eur J Med Res 2021;26:20.
Gosain R, Abdou Y, Singh A, Rana N, Puzanov I, Ernstoff MS. COVID-19 and cancer: a comprehensive review. Curr Oncol Rep 2020;22:1-5.
Monpara JD, Sodha SJ, Gupta PK. COVID-19 associated complications and potential therapeutic targets. Eur J Pharmacol 2020;886:173548.
Mohan M, Cherian JJ, Sharma A. Exploring links between vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19. PLoS Pathog 2020;16:e1008874.
Diaz T, Trachtenberg BH, Abraham SJ, Kosagi Sharaf R, Durant Archibold AA. Aspirin bioactivity for prevention of cardiovascular injury in COVID-19. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020;7:317.
Jayaweera J, Reyes M, Joseph A. Childhood iron deficiency anemia leads to recurrent respiratory tract infections and gastroenteritis. Sci Rep 2019;9:12637.
Wessling Resnick M. Crossing the iron gate: why and how transferrin receptors mediate viral entry. Annu Rev Nutr 2018;38:431-58.
Thayyilakandy S, Arjun KK, Krishnakumar G, Gayathri PS, Nair SC. A futuristic perspective in subsiding symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Int J Res Pharm Sci 2019;10:975-89.
S Shefrin, Sreelaxmi CS, Joseph S, Nair SC. A glance preface and novel approaches for the efficient treatment of a migraine. Int J Res Pharm Sci 2019;10:282-97.
Sundaram MN, Mony U, Varma PK, Jayakumar R. Vasoconstrictor and coagulation activator entrapped chitosan based composite hydrogel for rapid bleeding control. Carbohydr Polym 2021;258:117634.
Rogero MM, Leao MD, Santana TM, de MB Pimentel MV, Carlini GC, da Silveira TF, et al. Potential benefits and risks of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation to patients with COVID-19. Free Radical Biol Med 2020;156:190-9.
Arya GK, Kumar AA, Nair AJ, Raju J. Nanodisc: a new epoch in the study of membrane proteins and as an emerging drug delivery system. Int J Appl Pharm 2019;11:1-6.
Sreedhar R, Kumar VS, Bhaskaran Pillai AK, Mangalathillam S. Omega-3 fatty acid-based nanolipid formulation of atorvastatin for treating hyperlipidemia. Adv Pharm Bull 2019;9:271-80.
Zhang L, Liu Y. Potential interventions for novel coronavirus in China: a systematic review. J Medvirol 2020;92:479-90.
Park JY, Jeong HJ, Kim JH, Kim YM, Park SJ, Kim D, et al. Diarylheptanoids from Alnus japonica inhibit papain-like protease of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Biol Pharm Bull 2012;35:2036-42.
Warner FJ, Smith AI, Hooper NM, Turner AJ. Angiotensin-converting enyme-2: a molecular and cellular perspective. Cell Mol Life Sci 2004;61:2704-13.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2021 AMRUTHA V. U., ARYA G. K., ARYA M., VANI VIJAY, AKSHAYA KRISHNA, ABHINANDH B., ANAND CHANDRAN, SREEJA C. NAIR
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
