EVALUATION OF AN ANTI-DANDRUFF SHAMPOO INCORPORATING ETHANOL EXTRACT FROM CORN SILK (ZEA MAYS L.) AGAINST CANDIDA ALBICANS FUNGUS: FORMULATION AND ACTIVITY ASSESSMENT
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024v16i6.51807Keywords:
Anti-dandruff, Candida albicans fungus, Corn silk (Zea mays L.), ShampooAbstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of corn silk (Zea mays L.) extract as an antifungal ingredient in shampoo formulation for treating dandruff caused by Candida albicans.
Methods: Plant identification, sampling, preparation of simplisia, phytochemical screening, simplisia characterization, ethanol extraction of corn silk, and the formulation of shampoos with extract concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 15%, alongside blank and positive controls. The formulations underwent physical evaluation, irritation testing, and antifungal activity testing using the disc diffusion method.
Results: The corn silk shampoo formulations were stable during storage, non-irritating, was in thick liquid form with yellowish to brown colour, corn scent, had pH between 5.0-5.8, foaming capacity at 10.3-13.0 cm, with the viscocity ranging 1967-2224 cPs, means it met the required standards for shampoo formulation and characterization. Antifungal testing revealed inhibition zone diameters of 0 mm for the blank (F0), 7.87 mm for F1 (5%), 9.46 mm for F2 (10%), 15.89 mm for F3 (15%), and 18.71 mm for the positive control (C+), with a one-way ANOVA test indicating a significant difference compared to the negative control.
Conclusion: Corn silk extract could be effectively formulated into an antifungal shampoo, with the 15% concentration being the most effective against Candida albicans, highlighting its potential as a natural ingredient for anti-dandruff shampoos.
Downloads
References
Sawangwong w, kiattisin k, somwongin s, wongrattanakamon p, chaiyana w, poomanee w, et al. The assessment of composition, biological properties, safety and molecular docking of corn silk (zea mays l.) Extracts from the valorization of agricultural waste products in thailand. Industrial crops and products. 2024;212:118352. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.118352.
Li p, huang y, zhu h, chen j, ren g, jiang d, et al. Authentication, chemical profiles analysis, and quality evaluation of corn silk via dna barcoding and uplc-ltq/orbitrap ms chemical profiling. Food research international. 2023;167:112667. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112667.
Dong w, zhao y, hao y, sun g, huo j, wang w. Integrated molecular biology and metabonomics approach to understand the mechanism underlying reduction of insulin resistance by corn silk decoction. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2022;284:114756. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114756.
Ibrahim bmm, elbaset ma, abou baker dh, zikri en, el gengaihi s, abdel salam m. A pharmacological and toxicological biochemical study of cardiovascular regulatory effects of hibiscus, corn silk, marjoram, and chamomile. Heliyon. 2024;10(1):e22659. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22659.
Wan k, ma l, chen d, li z, zouboulis cc, chang k, et al. Preparation and decolorization of sapindus mukurossi extract and its application in sebum-control shampoos. Journal of dermatologic science and cosmetic technology. 2024;1(2):100006. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdsct.2024.100006.
Kaur d, kaur d, bains n, chopra a, arora p. Anti-anxiety evaluation of extracts of stigma maydis (corn silk). International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2015;8(8):309-12.
Kundu m, krishnan p, vashist a, sethi s, kumar r, chawla g, et al. Development of the sustainable green nanosensor using corn silk extract for nitrate detection in leafy vegetables. Biosensors and bioelectronics. 2024;260:116447. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2024.116447.
Da hora nrs, santana lf, da silva vda, costa sl, zambotti-villela l, colepicolo p, et al. Identification of bioactive metabolites from corn silk extracts by a combination of metabolite profiling, univariate statistical analysis and chemometrics. Food chemistry. 2021;365:130479. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130479.
Thapliyal u, negi s. Biosurfactants: recent trends in healthcare applications. Materials today: proceedings. 2023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.08.380.
Yin c-s, minh nguyen tt, yi e-j, zheng s, bellere ad, zheng q, et al. Efficacy of probiotics in hair growth and dandruff control: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heliyon. 2024;10(9):e29539. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29539.
Turlier vt. 306 new anti-dandruff shampoo targeting oily dandruff: evaluation program and results. Journal of investigative dermatology. 2022;142(8, supplement):s52. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jid.2022.05.314.
Mushtaq s, zaman f. Evaluation of polyherbal unani shampoo used in dandruff. Asian journal of pharmaceutical and clinical research. 2022;15(2):90-3. Doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2022.v15i2.43929.
Abirami s, priyalakshmi m, soundariya a, samrot av, saigeetha s, emilin rr, et al. Antimicrobial activity, antiproliferative activity, amylase inhibitory activity and phytochemical analysis of ethanol extract of corn (zea mays l.) Silk. Current research in green and sustainable chemistry. 2021;4:100089. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crgsc.2021.100089.
Chen g, ji c, miao m, yang k, luo y, hoptroff m, et al. Ex-vivo measurement of scalp follicular infundibulum delivery of zinc pyrithione and climbazole from an anti-dandruff shampoo. Journal of pharmaceutical and biomedical analysis. 2017;143:26-31. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.031.
Draelos zd, kenneally dc, hodges lt, billhimer w, copas m, margraf c. A comparison of hair quality and cosmetic acceptance following the use of two anti-dandruff shampoos. Journal of investigative dermatology symposium proceedings. 2005;10(3):201-4. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1087-0024.2005.10127.x.
Indrawati t, simanjuntak l, pratami dk. Hair tonic shampoo formulation with ambon banana (musa acuminata colla) corm extract. International journal of applied pharmaceutics. 2020;12(5):279-85. Doi: 10.22159/ijap.2020v12i5.37918.
O'brien kaf, basketter da, jones p, dixit m. An in vitro study of the eye irritation potential of new shampoo formulations. Toxicology in vitro. 1994;8(2):257-61. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0887-2333(94)90191-0.
Yavrukova vi, radulova gm, danov kd, kralchevsky pa, xu h, ung yw, et al. Rheology of mixed solutions of sulfonated methyl esters and betaine in relation to the growth of giant micelles and shampoo applications. Advances in colloid and interface science. 2020;275:102062. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2019.102062.
A v. Formulation and evaluation of herbal shampoo. Asian journal of pharmaceutical and clinical research. 2018;11(16):121-4. Doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11s4.31713.
Singh rs, kaur n, singh d, purewal ss, kennedy jf. Pullulan in pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical formulations: a review. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2023;231:123353. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123353.
Chabib l, suryani a, munawiroh sz, mariyam s, nafiah z, laksitorini md. Enhancing the physical characteristics and shelf life of rice water (oryza sativa l.) Gel shampoo: the role of propylene glycol concentration. International journal of applied pharmaceutics. 2024;16(2):364-70. Doi: 10.22159/ijap.2024v16i2.49766.
Alquadeib bt, eltahir ekd, banafa ra, al-hadhairi la. Pharmaceutical evaluation of different shampoo brands in local saudi market. Saudi pharmaceutical journal. 2018;26(1):98-106. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2017.10.006.
Patel i, talathi a. Use of traditional indian herbs for the formulation of shampoo and their comparative analysis. International journal of pharmacy and pharmaceutical sciences. 2016;8(3):28-32.
Zhu y, li y, li x, chen t, zhao h, zhou h. Activities of polysaccharide fractions from corn silk: hemostatic, immune, and anti-lung cancer potentials. International journal of biological macromolecules. 2024;262:130156. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130156.
Zhang h, li y, gao g, song t, zhang k, yao y. Composite cathodes and modified separators based on corn-silk-based porous carbon for high performance lithium–sulfur batteries. Journal of materials research and technology. 2022;19:1590-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.05.151.
Makvandi p, ali gw, della sala f, abdel-fattah wi, borzacchiello a. Biosynthesis and characterization of antibacterial thermosensitive hydrogels based on corn silk extract, hyaluronic acid and nanosilver for potential wound healing. Carbohydrate polymers. 2019;223:115023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115023.
Chalivendra p, ganjikunta rk, rao k u, pullakanam rpt. In vitro assessment of natural herbal extracts for antimicrobial activity. International journal of current pharmaceutical research. 2023;15(2):22-5. Doi: 10.22159/ijcpr.2023v15i2.2079.
Zhou m, li k, hu j, tang l, li m, su l, et al. Sustainable production of oxygen-rich hierarchically porous carbon network from corn straw lignin and silk degumming wastewater for high-performance electrochemical energy storage. Renewable energy. 2022;191:141-50. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.04.037.
Silva afs, de andrade jp, machado krb, rocha ab, apel ma, sobral meg, et al. Screening for cytotoxic activity of extracts and isolated alkaloids from bulbs of hippeastrum vittatum. Phytomedicine. 2008;15(10):882-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2007.12.001.
Hossain ma, al-raqmi kas, al-mijizy zh, weli am, al-riyami q. Study of total phenol, flavonoids contents and phytochemical screening of various leaves crude extracts of locally grown thymus vulgaris. Asian pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2013;3(9):705-10. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60142-2.
Yuan g, jia y, pan y, li w, wang c, xu l, et al. Preparation and characterization of shrimp shell waste protein-based films modified with oolong tea, corn silk and black soybean seed coat extracts. Polymer testing. 2020;81:106235. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2019.106235.
Žilić s, janković m, basić z, vančetović j, maksimović v. Antioxidant activity, phenolic profile, chlorophyll and mineral matter content of corn silk (zea mays l): comparison with medicinal herbs. Journal of cereal science. 2016;69:363-70. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcs.2016.05.003.
Lai w, ye x, lei h, zheng w, xiang c, cheng w, et al. More microscopic interfacial segregation slowers macroscopic grain growth: a case in wc-co cemented carbides. Ceramics international. 2024;50(15):26654-62. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2024.04.393.
Vakh c, mallabaeva z, tobiszewski m. Smartphone-based digital image colorimetry for the determination of total capsaicinoid content in chili pepper extracts. Spectrochimica acta part a: molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy. 2024;315:124238. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2024.124238.
Sookwong p, suttiarporn p, boontakham p, seekhow p, wangtueai s, mahatheeranont s. Simultaneous quantification of vitamin e, γ-oryzanols and xanthophylls from rice bran essences extracted by supercritical co2. Food chemistry. 2016;211:140-7. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.001.
Ferreira-anta t, flórez-fernández n, domínguez h, torres md. A rheological approach of seawater-based natural cosmetics with extracts from sonicated medicinal herbs. Sustainable chemistry and pharmacy. 2023;36:101263. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2023.101263.
Staub i, schapoval ees, bergold am. Microbiological assay of ketoconazole in shampoo. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2005;292(1):195-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.12.001.
Leulmi h, diatta g, sokhna c, rolain j-m, raoult d. Assessment of oral ivermectin versus shampoo in the treatment of pediculosis (head lice infestation) in rural areas of sine-saloum, senegal. International journal of antimicrobial agents. 2016;48(6):627-32. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2016.07.014.
Zandraa o, ngwabebhoh fa, patwa r, nguyen ht, motiei m, saha n, et al. Development of dual crosslinked mumio-based hydrogel dressing for wound healing application: physico-chemistry and antimicrobial activity. International journal of pharmaceutics. 2021;607:120952. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120952.
Shettar ss, bagewadi zk, yunus khan tm, mohamed shamsudeen s, kolvekar hn. Biochemical characterization of immobilized recombinant subtilisin and synthesis and functional characterization of recombinant subtilisin capped silver and zinc oxide nanoparticles. Saudi journal of biological sciences. 2024;31(7):104009. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2024.104009.
Zhang q, zhang j, zhang y, sui y, du y, yang l, et al. Antifungal and anti-biofilm activities of patchouli alcohol against candida albicans. International journal of medical microbiology. 2024;314:151596. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmm.2023.151596.
Martínez a, rojas n, garcía l, gonzález f, domínguez m, catalán a. In vitro activity of terpenes against candida albicans and ultrastructural alterations. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology. 2014;118(5):553-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2014.07.009.
Kim y-h, lee k. Characterization of aerosols produced during shampoo use and harmful chemicals in shampoo aerosols. Environmental research. 2022;204:111957. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.111957.
Afshar mogaddam mr, altunay n, tuzen m, katin kp, nemati m, lotfipour f. Headspace µ–solid phase extraction of 1,4–dioxane and 2–methyl–1,3–dioxolane from shampoo samples in a home–mode device and large volume injection of deep eutectic solvent: theoretical and experimental studies. Microchemical journal. 2022;173:107040. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2021.107040.
Petrović m, šoštarić t, stojanović m, milojković j, mihajlović m, stanojević m, et al. Removal of pb2+ ions by raw corn silk (zea mays l.) As a novel biosorbent. Journal of the taiwan institute of chemical engineers. 2016;58:407-16. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2015.06.025.
Sarepoua e, tangwongchai r, suriharn b, lertrat k. Influence of variety and harvest maturity on phytochemical content in corn silk. Food chemistry. 2015;169:424-9. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.07.136.
Cooper kj, earl lk, harbell j, raabe h. Prediction of ocular irritancy of prototype shampoo formulations by the isolated rabbit eye (ire) test and bovine corneal opacity and permeability (bcop) assay. Toxicology in vitro. 2001;15(2):95-103. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0887-2333(00)00060-6.
Li r, pan y, li n, wang q, chen y, phisalaphong m, et al. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of a green synthesized silver nanoparticles using corn silk aqueous extract. Colloids and surfaces a: physicochemical and engineering aspects. 2020;598:124827. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.124827.
Al badi k, khan sa. Formulation, evaluation and comparison of the herbal shampoo with the commercial shampoos. Beni-suef university journal of basic and applied sciences. 2014;3(4):301-5. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2014.11.005.
Wang h, qin z, zhang y, liu d, cao y. Complexation between poly (styrene-co-methacrylic acid) and polyquaternium for use in shampoo formulations. Journal of molecular liquids. 2023;379:121692. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121692.
Iskandar b, mei h-c, liu t-w, lin h-m, lee c-k. Evaluating the effects of surfactant types on the properties and stability of oil-in-water rhodiola rosea nanoemulsion. Colloids and surfaces b: biointerfaces. 2024;234:113692. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113692.
De cássia comis wagner r, joekes i. Hair protein removal by sodium dodecyl sulfate. Colloids and surfaces b: biointerfaces. 2005;41(1):7-14. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.10.023.
Warner rr, schwartz jr, boissy y, dawson tl. Dandruff has an altered stratum corneum ultrastructure that is improved with zinc pyrithione shampoo. Journal of the american academy of dermatology. 2001;45(6):897-903. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1067/mjd.2001.117849.
Draelos zd. Shampoos, conditioners, and camouflage techniques. Dermatologic clinics. 2013;31(1):173-8. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.det.2012.08.004.
Sánchez macías d, seraquive gualán n, saldaña muñoz b, peña zúñiga e, miranda yuquilema j. Shampoo made with goat milk yogurt: physicochemical characteristics, dirt dispersion and conditioning performance. Small ruminant research. 2023;228:107111. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.107111.
Sousa ap, castro gs, tavares cp, vale tld, costa-junior lm, soares as. In vitro assessment of the acaricidal activity of a carvacrol shampoo on tick larvae. Experimental parasitology. 2022;242:108364. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108364
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2024 BENNI ISKANDAR, LENY, MANDIKE GINTING, MELISA, MELIA SARI
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
