LITERATURE REVIEW: THE OMICS STUDY FOR DETERMINING BIOMARKERS IN HUMAN SERUM AND PLASMA WITH DIFFERENT COVID-19 SEVERITY

Authors

  • WAHYU UTAMI Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Sukoharjo-57162, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3156-3645
  • NAUFAL FARRAS Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta, Sukoharjo-57162, Indonesia. Master in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta-55281, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024v16s5.52474

Keywords:

COVID-19, Severity, Serum, Plasma, Omics

Abstract

The severity of COVID-19 provides information on various stages of changes in the body's normal state in various parameters called biological markers (biomarkers) as the initial identification that facilitates management, selection, and total outcomes in therapy. These biomarkers were selected from the selection of samples that are often used in the advanced diagnosis of COVID-19, serum and plasma. This study aims to determine what biomarkers are measured in serum and plasma samples of COVID-19 patients. This literature review is classified as non-experimental, qualitative, and descriptive research. The inclusion criteria are the full-text journals published within the last two years regarding biomarkers in the serum and plasma of COVID-19 patients. Based on these criteria, 49 relevant articles were obtained. The results show that changes occur in the protein, lipid, and metabolite in serum and plasma by the omics approach. These alterations can be in the form of increasing or decreasing levels of each parameter determined through various analytical methods. The biomarkers profile correlates with the severity of COVID-19 as well as with host cells.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Bloom JD, Chan YA, Baric RS, Bjorkman PJ, Cobey S, Deverman BE. Investigate the origins of COVID-19. Science. 2021;372(6543):694. doi: 10.1126/science.abj0016, PMID 33986172.

Karakike E, Giamarellos Bourboulis EJ. Macrophage activation like syndrome: a distinct entity leading to early death in sepsis. Front Immunol. 2019;10:55. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00055, PMID 30766533.

MA H, Zeng W, HE H, Zhao D, Jiang D, Zhou P. Serum IgA IgM and IgG responses in COVID-19. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;17(7):773-5. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-0474-z, PMID 32467617.

Kheir M, Saleem F, Wang C, Mann A, Chua J. Higher albumin levels on admission predict better prognosis in patients with confirmed COVID-19. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(3):e0248358. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248358, PMID 33725003.

Siddiqi HK, Mehra MR. COVID-19 illness in native and immunosuppressed states: a clinical therapeutic staging proposal. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2020;39(5):405-7. doi: 10.1016/j.healun.2020.03.012, PMID 32362390.

Griffin DO, Brennan Rieder D, Ngo B, Kory P, Confalonieri M, Shapiro L. The importance of understanding the stages of COVID-19 in treatment and trials. AIDS Rev. 2021;23(1):40-7. doi: 10.24875/AIDSRev.200001261, PMID 33556957.

WU J, Zhao M, LI C, Zhang Y, Wang DW. The SARS-CoV-2 induced targeted amino acid profiling in patients at hospitalized and convalescent stage. Biosci Rep. 2021;41(3):BSR20204201. doi: 10.1042/BSR20204201, PMID 33625490.

Ticinesi A, Nouvenne A, Prati B, Guida L, Parise A, Cerundolo N. The clinical significance of procalcitonin elevation in patients over 75 y old admitted for COVID-19 pneumonia. Mediators Inflamm. 2021;2021:5593806. doi: 10.1155/2021/5593806, PMID 34326704.

Mc Reynolds CB, Cortes Puch I, Ravindran R, Khan IH, Hammock BG, Shih PB. Plasma linoleate diols are potential biomarkers for severe COVID-19 infections. Front Physiol. 2021;12:663869. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.663869, PMID 33868029.

Saadh MJ. SARS-COV-2 3CL-protease inhibitors as antiviral agent against COVID-19. Int J App Pharm. 2022;14(6):18-20. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2022v14i6.46015.

Singh S, Monika MR, Mazumder R, Mazumder A. Review of SARS-corona virus-2 repercussions on thyroid gland in the context of hyperthyroidism. Int J App Pharm. 2023;15(5):17-26. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2023v15i5.47937.

Suklan J, Cheaveau J, Hill S, Urwin SG, Green K, Winter A. Utility of routine laboratory biomarkers to detect COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Viruses. 2021;13(5):803. doi: 10.3390/v13050803, PMID 33946171.

Vibhute S, Kasar A, Mahale H, Gaikwad M, Kulkarni M. Niclosamide: a potential treatment option for COVID-19. Int J App Pharm. 2023;15(1):50-6. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2023v15i1.45850.

Keykavousi K, Nourbakhsh F, Abdollahpour N, Fazeli F, Sedaghat A, Soheili V. A review of routine laboratory biomarkers for the detection of severe COVID-19 disease. Int J Anal Chem. 2022;2022:9006487. doi: 10.1155/2022/9006487, PMID 36267156.

Schwarz B, Sharma L, Roberts L, Peng X, Bermejo S, Leighton I. Cutting edge: severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans is defined by a shift in the serum lipidome resulting in dysregulation of eicosanoid immune mediators. J Immunol. 2021;206(2):329-34. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001025, PMID 33277388.

Wang C, LI X, Ning W, Gong S, Yang F, Fang C. Multi-omic profiling of plasma reveals molecular alterations in children with COVID-19. Theranostics. 2021;11(16):8008-26. doi: 10.7150/thno.61832, PMID 34335977.

Vollmy F, Van den Toorn H, Zenezini Chiozzi R, Zucchetti O, Papi A, Volta CA. A serum proteome signature to predict mortality in severe covid-19 patients. Life Sci Alliance. 2021;4(9):e202101099. doi: 10.26508/lsa.202101099, PMID 34226277.

Gomila RM, Martorell G, Fraile Ribot PA, Domenech Sanchez A, Alberti M, Oliver A. Use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analysis of serum peptidome to classify and predict coronavirus disease 2019 severity. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(6):ofab222. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab222, PMID 34109258.

Chen YM, Zheng Y, YU Y, Wang Y, Huang Q, Qian F. Blood molecular markers associated with COVID-19 immunopathology and multi-organ damage. EMBO J. 2020;39(24):e105896. doi: 10.15252/embj.2020105896, PMID 33140861.

Zhang J, Rao X, LI Y, Zhu Y, Liu F, Guo G. Pilot trial of high dose vitamin C in critically ill COVID-19 patients. Ann Intensive Care. 2021;11(1):5. doi: 10.1186/s13613-020-00792-3, PMID 33420963.

Reyes L, A Sanchez Garcia M, Morrison T, Howden AJ, Watts ER, Arienti S. A type I IFN prothrombotic hyperinflammatory neutrophil signature is distinct for COVID-19 ARDS. Wellcome Open Res. 2021;6:38. doi: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16584.2, PMID 33997298.

Overmyer KA, Shishkova E, Miller IJ, Balnis J, Bernstein MN, Peters Clarke TM. Large-scale multi-omic analysis of COVID-19 severity. Cell Syst. 2021;12(1):23-40.e7. doi: 10.1016/j.cels.2020.10.003, PMID 33096026.

Danlos FX, Grajeda Iglesias C, Durand S, Sauvat A, Roumier M, Cantin D. Metabolomic analyses of COVID-19 patients unravel stage-dependent and prognostic biomarkers. Cell Death Dis. 2021;12(3):258. doi: 10.1038/s41419-021-03540-y, PMID 33707411.

Cai Y, Kim DJ, Takahashi T, Broadhurst DI, MA S, Rattray NJ. Kynurenic acid underlies sex-specific immune responses to COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.09.06.20189159, PMID 32935119.

LI Y, Zhang Y, LU R, Dai M, Shen M, Zhang J. Lipid metabolism changes in patients with severe COVID-19. Clin Chim Acta. 2021;517:66-73. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.02.011, PMID 33639119.

Roberts I, Wright Muelas M, Taylor JM, Davison AS, XU Y, Grixti JM. Untargeted metabolomics of COVID-19 patient serum reveals potential prognostic markers of both severity and outcome. Metabolomics. 2021;18(1):6. doi: 10.1007/s11306-021-01859-3, PMID 34928464.

Yang C, Yang X, DU J, Wang H, LI H, Zeng L. Retinoic acid promotes the endogenous repair of lung stem/progenitor cells in combined with simvastatin after acute lung injury: a stereological analysis. Respir Res. 2015;16:140. doi: 10.1186/s12931-015-0300-9, PMID 26561298.

Krishnan S, Nordqvist H, Ambikan A, Gupta S, Sperk M, Svensson Akusjarvi S. Implications of central carbon metabolism in sars-COV-2 replication and disease severity. BioRxiv. 2021. doi: 10.1101/2021.02.24.432759.

Giron LB, Dweep H, Yin X, Wang H, Damra M, Goldman AR. Plasma markers of disrupted gut permeability in severe COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol. 2021;12:686240. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.686240, PMID 34177935.

Cook AM, Faustini SE, Williams LJ, Cunningham AF, Drayson MT, Shields AM. Validation of a combined ELISA to detect IgG, IgA and IgM antibody responses to SARS-COV-2 in mild or moderate non-hospitalised patients. J Immunol Methods. 2021;494:113046. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2021.113046, PMID 33775672.

Mahmoodpoor A, Hosseini M, Soltani Zangbar S, Sanaie S, Aghebati Maleki L, Saghaleini SH. Reduction and exhausted features of T lymphocytes under serological changes and prognostic factors in COVID-19 progression. Mol Immunol. 2021;138:121-7. doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.06.001, PMID 34392110.

XU Y, Yang H, Wang J, LI X, Xue C, Niu C. Serum albumin levels are a predictor of COVID-19 patient prognosis: evidence from a single cohort in Chongqing China. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:2785-97. doi: 10.2147/IJGM.S312521, PMID 34194238.

Elham AS, Azam K, Azam J, Mostafa L, Nasrin B, Marzieh N. Serum vitamin D calcium and zinc levels in patients with COVID-19. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2021;43:276-82. doi: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.03.040, PMID 34024527.

Beigmohammadi MT, Bitarafan S, Abdollahi A, Amoozadeh L, Salahshour F, Mahmoodi Ali Abadi M. The association between serum levels of micronutrients and the severity of disease in patients with COVID-19. Nutrition. 2021;91-92:111400. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111400, PMID 34388583.

Eberhardt KA, Meyer Schwickerath C, Heger E, Knops E, Lehmann C, Rybniker J. RNA emia corresponds to disease severity and antibody response in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Viruses. 2020;12(9):1045. doi: 10.3390/v12091045, PMID 32962125.

Caterino M, Gelzo M, Sol S, Fedele R, Annunziata A, Calabrese C. Dysregulation of lipid metabolism and pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):2941. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-82426-7, PMID 33536486.

Park J, Kim H, Kim SY, Kim Y, Lee JS, Dan K. In depth blood proteome profiling analysis revealed distinct functional characteristics of plasma proteins between severe and non-severe covid-19 patients. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):22418. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80120-8, PMID 33376242.

Yan L, YI J, Huang C, Zhang J, FU S, LI Z. Rapid detection of covid-19 using MALDI-TOF-based serum peptidome profiling. Anal Chem. 2021;93(11):4782-7. doi: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04590, PMID 33656857.

Kimhofer T, Lodge S, Whiley L, Gray N, Loo RL, Lawler NG. Integrative modeling of quantitative plasma lipoprotein metabolic and amino acid data reveals a multiorgan pathological signature of SARS-COV-2 infection. J Proteome Res. 2020;19(11):4442-54. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00519, PMID 32806897.

Lodge S, Nitschke P, Kimhofer T, Coudert JD, Begum S, Bong SH. NMR spectroscopic windows on the systemic effects of SARS-COV-2 infection on plasma lipoproteins and metabolites in relation to circulating cytokines. J Proteome Res. 2021;20(2):1382-96. doi: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00876, PMID 33426894.

Bruzzone C, Bizkarguenaga M, Gil Redondo R, Diercks T, Arana E, Garcia de Vicuna A. SARS-CoV-2 infection dysregulates the metabolomic and lipidomic profiles of serum. iScience 2020 Oct 23;23(10)101645. I Science. 2020;23(10):101645. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101645, PMID 33043283.

Singh Y, Trautwein C, Fendel R, Krickeberg N, Berezhnoy G, Bissinger R. SARS-CoV-2 infection paralyzes cytotoxic and metabolic functions of the immune cells. Heliyon. 2021;7(6):e07147. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07147, PMID 34075347.

Meoni G, Ghini V, Maggi L, Vignoli A, Mazzoni A, Salvati L. Metabolomic/lipidomic profiling of COVID-19 and individual response to tocilizumab. Plos Pathog. 2021;17(2):e1009243. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009243, PMID 33524041.

Dierckx T, Van Elslande J, Salmela H, Decru B, Wauters E, Gunst J. The metabolic fingerprint of COVID-19 severity. MedRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.11.09.20228221.

Wei C, Wan L, Zhang Y, Fan C, Yan Q, Yang X. Cholesterol metabolism impact for SARS-CoV-2 infection prognosis entry and antiviral therapies. MedRxiv. 2020. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.16.20068528.

Petrey AC, Qeadan F, Middleton EA, Pinchuk IV, Campbell RA, Beswick EJ. Cytokine release syndrome in COVID-19: innate immune, vascular and platelet pathogenic factors differ in severity of disease and sex. J Leukoc Biol. 2021;109(1):55-66. doi: 10.1002/JLB.3COVA0820-410RRR, PMID 32930456.

Varchetta S, Mele D, Oliviero B, Mantovani S, Ludovisi S, Cerino A. Unique immunological profile in patients with COVID-19. Cell Mol Immunol. 2021;18(3):604-12. doi: 10.1038/s41423-020-00557-9, PMID 33060840.

Rieder M, Wirth L, Pollmeier L, Jeserich M, Goller I, Baldus N. Serum protein profiling reveals a specific upregulation of the immunomodulatory protein progranulin in coronavirus disease 2019. J Infect Dis. 2021;223(5):775-84. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa741, PMID 33249471.

Torres Ruiz J, Perez Fragoso A, Maravillas Montero JL, Llorente L, Mejia-Dominguez NR, Paez Franco JC. Redefining COVID-19 severity and prognosis: the role of clinical and immune biotypes. Front Immunol. 2021;12:689966. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.689966, PMID 34566957.

Sosa Hernandez VA, Torres Ruiz J, Cervantes Diaz R, Romero Ramirez S, Paez Franco JC, Meza Sanchez DE. B cell subsets as severity-associated signatures in COVID-19 patients. Front Immunol. 2020;11:611004. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.611004, PMID 33343585.

Zhu Z, Yang Y, Fan L, YE S, Lou K, Hua X. Low serum level of apolipoprotein A1 may predict the severity of COVID‐19: a retrospective study. J Clin Lab Anal. 2021;35(8):e23911. doi: 10.1002/jcla.23911, PMID 34260764.

Oja AE, Saris A, Ghandour CA, Kragten NA, Hogema BM, Nossent EJ. Divergent SARS-CoV-2-specific T and B-cell responses in severe but not mild COVID-19 patients. Eur J Immunol. 2020;50(12):1998-2012. doi: 10.1002/eji.202048908, PMID 33073359.

Bichara CD, Da Silva Graca Amoras E, Vaz GL, Da Silva Torres MK, Queiroz MA, DO Amaral IP. Dynamics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies post-COVID-19 in a Brazilian Amazon population. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):443. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06156-x, PMID 33992073.

Sun J, Tang X, Bai R, Liang C, Zeng L, Lin H. The kinetics of viral load and antibodies to SARS-CoV-2. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;26(12):1690.e1-4. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.08.043, PMID 32898715.

Liu J, Liu S, Zhang Z, Lee X, WU W, Huang Z. Association between the nasopharyngeal microbiome and metabolome in patients with COVID-19. Synth Syst Biotechnol. 2021;6(3):135-43. doi: 10.1016/j.synbio.2021.06.002, PMID 34151035.

Hausburg MA, Banton KL, Roshon M, Bar Or D. Clinically distinct COVID-19 cases share notably similar immune response progression: a follow-up analysis. Heliyon Heliyon. 2021;7(1):e05877. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05877, PMID 33437888.

XU ZS, Shu T, Kang L, WU D, Zhou X, Liao BW. Temporal profiling of plasma cytokines chemokines and growth factors from mild severe and fatal COVID-19 patients. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2020;5(1):100. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-0211-1, PMID 32561706.

Desai AP, Dirajlal Fargo S, Durieux JC, Tribout H, Labbato D, Mc Comsey GA. Vitamin K and D deficiencies are independently associated with COVID-19 disease severity. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(10):ofab408. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab408, PMID 34642636.

YE K, Tang F, Liao X, Shaw BA, Deng M, Huang G. Does serum vitamin D level affect COVID-19 infection and its severity a case control study. J Am Coll Nutr. 2021;40(8):724-31. doi: 10.1080/07315724.2020.1826005, PMID 33048028.

Perez Torres I, Guarner Lans V, Soria Castro E, Manzano Pech L, Palacios-Chavarria A, Valdez Vazquez RR. Alteration in the lipid profile and the desaturases activity in patients with severe pneumonia by SARS-CoV-2. Front Physiol. 2021;12:667024. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.667024, PMID 34045976.

Thomas T, Stefanoni D, Reisz JA, Nemkov T, Bertolone L, Francis RO. COVID-19 infection alters kynurenine and fatty acid metabolism correlating with IL-6 levels and renal status. JCI Insight. 2020;5(14):e140327. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.140327, PMID 32559180.

Lucas C, Wong P, Klein J, Castro TB, Silva J, Sundaram M. Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19. Nature. 2020;584(7821):463-9. doi: 10.1038/s41586-020-2588-y, PMID 32717743.

Stone MR, O Neill A, Lovering RM, Strong J, Resneck WG, Reed PW. Absence of keratin 19 in mice causes skeletal myopathy with mitochondrial and sarcolemmal reorganization. J Cell Sci. 2007;120(22):3999-4008. doi: 10.1242/jcs.009241, PMID 17971417.

Song JW, Lam SM, Fan X, Cao WJ, Wang SY, Tian H. Omics driven systems interrogation of metabolic dysregulation in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Cell Metab. 2020;32(2):188-202.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.06.016, PMID 32610096.

You R, Dai J, Zhang P, Barding GA, Raftery D. Dynamic metabolic response to adriamycin induced senescence in breast cancer cells. Metabolites. 2018;8(4):95. doi: 10.3390/metabo8040095, PMID 30558288.

Segers K, Declerck S, Mangelings D, Heyden YV, Eeckhaut AV. Analytical techniques for metabolomic studies: a review. Bioanalysis. 2019;11(24):2297-318. doi: 10.4155/bio-2019-0014, PMID 31845604.

Manchester M, Anand A. Metabolomics: strategies to define the role of metabolism in virus infection and pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res. 2017;98:57-81. doi: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2017.02.001, PMID 28433052.

Henkel R, Agarwal A, Samanta L. Oxidants antioxidants and impact of the oxidative status in male reproduction. ScienceDirect; 2018. p. 287-98. doi: 10.1016/C2016-0-03860-3.

Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH, TO KK, Chu H, Yang J. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel corona virus indicating person to person transmission: a study of a family cluster. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):514-23. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30154-9, PMID 31986261.

Mallat J, Lemyze M, Thevenin D. Do not forget to give thiamine to your septic shock patient. J Thorac Dis. 2016;8(6):1062-6. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2016.04.32, PMID 27293820.

Boechat JL, Chora I, Morais A, Delgado L. The immune response to SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 immunopathology current perspectives. Pulmonology. 2021;27(5):423-37. doi: 10.1016/j.pulmoe.2021.03.008, PMID 33867315.

Schultze JL, Aschenbrenner AC. COVID-19 and the human innate immune system. Cell. 2021;184(7):1671-92. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.029, PMID 33743212.

Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, Jiang L, Song J. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan China. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(5):846-8. doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05991-x, PMID 32125452.

Ramos Casals M, Brito Zeron P, Lopez Guillermo A, Khamashta MA, Bosch X. Adult haemophagocytic syndrome. Lancet. 2014;383(9927):1503-16. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61048-X, PMID 24290661.

Huang C, Wang Y, LI X, Ren L, Zhao J, HU Y. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel corona virus in Wuhan China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5, PMID 31986264.

Hao Y, Zhang Z, Feng G, Chen M, Wan Q, Lin J. Distinct lipid metabolic dysregulation in asymptomatic COVID-19. iScience. 2021;24(9):102974. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.102974, PMID 34396083.

Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X. COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. Cell Death Differ. 2020;27(5):1451-4. doi: 10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3, PMID 32205856.

Wiersinga WJ, Rhodes A, Cheng AC, Peacock SJ, Prescott HC. Pathophysiology transmission diagnosis and treatment of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review. JAMA. 2020;324(8):782-93. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.12839, PMID 32648899.

Aziz M, Fatima R, Lee Smith W, Assaly R. The association of low serum albumin level with severe COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care. 2020;24(1):255. doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-02995-3, PMID 32456658.

Huang J, Cheng A, Kumar R, Fang Y, Chen G, Zhu Y. Hypoalbuminemia predicts the outcome of COVID-19 independent of age and co-morbidity. J Med Virol. 2020;92(10):2152-8. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26003, PMID 32406952.

Abdeen Y, Kaako A, Ahmad Amin Z, Muhanna A, Josefine Froessl L, Alnabulsi M. The prognostic effect of serum albumin level on outcomes of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Crit Care Res Pract. 2021;2021:9963274. doi: 10.1155/2021/9963274, PMID 34367693.

Feketea GM, Vlacha V. The diagnostic significance of usual biochemical parameters in coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): albumin to globulin ratio and CRP to albumin ratio. Front Med (Lausanne). 2020;7:566591. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2020.566591, PMID 33224959.

Conca W, Alabdely M, Albaiz F, Foster MW, Alamri M, Alkaff M. Serum β2-micro globulin levels in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): another prognosticator of disease severity. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(3):e0247758. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247758, PMID 33647017.

HU R, Han C, Pei S, Yin M, Chen X. Procalcitonin levels in COVID-19 patients. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;56(2):106051. doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106051, PMID 32534186.

Dolci A, Robbiano C, Aloisio E, Chibireva M, Serafini L, Falvella FS. Searching for a role of procalcitonin determination in COVID-19: a study on a selected cohort of hospitalized patients. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;59(2):433-40. doi: 10.1515/cclm-2020-1361, PMID 33554505.

HU X, Chen D, WU L, HE G, YE W. Low serum cholesterol level among patients with COVID-19 infection in Wenzhou China. SSRN Journal. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3544826.

HU X, Chen D, WU L, HE G, YE W. Declined serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with the severity of COVID-19 infection. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;510:105-10. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2020.07.015, PMID 32653486.

Casari I, Manfredi M, Metharom P, Falasca M. Dissecting lipid metabolism alterations in SARS-CoV-2. Prog Lipid Res. 2021;82:101092. doi: 10.1016/j.plipres.2021.101092, PMID 33571544.

Masana L, Correig E, Ibarretxe D, Anoro E, Arroyo JA, Jerico C. Low HDL and high triglycerides predict COVID-19 severity. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):7217. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-86747-5, PMID 33785815.

Palmas F, Clarke J, Colas RA, Gomez EA, Keogh A, Boylan M. Dysregulated plasma lipid mediator profiles in critically ill COVID-19 patients. PLOS ONE. 2021;16(8):e0256226. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256226, PMID 34437568.

V kovski P, Al Mulla H, Thiel V, Neuman BW. New insights on the role of paired membrane structures in coronavirus replication. Virus Res. 2015;202:33-40. doi: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.12.021, PMID 25550072.

Abu Farha M, Thanaraj TA, Qaddoumi MG, Hashem A, Abubaker J, Al Mulla F. The role of lipid metabolism in COVID-19 virus infection and as a drug target. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(10):3544. doi: 10.3390/ijms21103544, PMID 32429572.

Akram M, Munir N, Daniyal M, Egbuna C, Gaman MA, Onyekere PF. Vitamins and minerals: types sources and their functions. Functional Food and Neutraceutical; 2020. p. 149-72. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-42319-3_9.

Pfeffer PE, Hawrylowicz CM. Vitamin D and lung disease. Thorax. 2012;67(11):1018-20. doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2012-202139, PMID 22935474.

Greiller CL, Martineau AR. Modulation of the immune response to respiratory viruses by vitamin D. Nutrients. 2015;7(6):4240-70. doi: 10.3390/nu7064240, PMID 26035247.

Bombardini T, Picano E. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 as the molecular bridge between epidemiologic and clinical features of COVID-19. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36(5):784.e1-2. doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2020.03.026, PMID 32299780.

Phokela SS, Peleg S, Moya FR, Alcorn JL. Regulation of human pulmonary surfactant protein gene expression by 1alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol. 2005;289(4):L617-26. doi: 10.1152/ajplung.00129.2004, PMID 15951333.

Rehan VK, Torday JS, Peleg S, Gennaro L, Vouros P, Padbury J. 1Alpha, 25-dihydroxy-3-epi-vitamin D3, a natural metabolite of 1alpha, 25-dihydroxy vitamin D3: production and biological activity studies in pulmonary alveolar type II cells. Mol Genet Metab. 2002;76(1):46-56. doi: 10.1016/s1096-7192(02)00022-7, PMID 12175780.

Smith EM, Jones JL, Han JE, Alvarez JA, Sloan JH, Konrad RJ. High dose vitamin D3 administration is associated with increases in hemoglobin concentrations in mechanically ventilated critically ill adults: a pilot double blind randomized placebo controlled trial. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2018;42(1):87-94. doi: 10.1177/0148607116678197, PMID 29505145.

Han JE, Jones JL, Tangpricha V, Brown MA, Brown LA, Hao L. High dose vitamin d administration in ventilated intensive care unit patients: a pilot double blind randomized controlled trial. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2016;4:59-65. doi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2016.04.004, PMID 27419080.

Sabetta JR, DePetrillo P, Cipriani RJ, Smardin J, Burns LA, Landry ML. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and the incidence of acute viral respiratory tract infections in healthy adults. PLOS ONE. 2010;5(6):e11088. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011088, PMID 20559424.

Schurgers LJ, Vermeer C. Differential lipoprotein transport pathways of K-vitamins in healthy subjects. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2002;1570(1):27-32. doi: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00147-2, PMID 11960685.

Anastasi E, Ialongo C, Labriola R, Ferraguti G, Lucarelli M, Angeloni A. Vitamin K deficiency and COVID-19. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2020;80(7):525-7. doi: 10.1080/00365513.2020.1805122, PMID 32779537.

Carr AC, Rosengrave PC, Bayer S, Chambers S, Mehrtens J, Shaw GM. Hypovitaminosis C and vitamin C deficiency in critically ill patients despite recommended enteral and parenteral intakes. Crit Care. 2017;21(1):300. doi: 10.1186/s13054-017-1891-y, PMID 29228951.

DE Grooth HJ, Manubulu Choo WP, Zandvliet AS, Spoelstra DE Man AM, Girbes AR, Swart EL. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in critically ill patients: a randomized trial of four IV regimens. Chest. 2018;153(6):1368-77. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.02.025, PMID 29522710.

Fowler AA, Syed AA, Knowlson S, Sculthorpe R, Farthing D, DeWilde C. Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. J Transl Med. 2014;12:32. doi: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-32, PMID 24484547.

Bastard P, Rosen LB, Zhang Q, Michailidis E, Hoffmann HH, Zhang Y. Autoantibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life threatening COVID-19. Science. 2020;370(6515):eabd4585. doi: 10.1126/science.abd4585, PMID 32972996.

Blanco Melo D, Nilsson Payant BE, Liu WC, Uhl S, Hoagland D, Moller R. Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of COVID-19. Cell. 2020;181(5):1036-1045.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.04.026, PMID 32416070.

Arvinte C, Singh M, Marik PE. Serum levels of vitamin C and vitamin D in a cohort of critically ill COVID-19 patients of a North American Community Hospital Intensive Care Unit in May 2020: a pilot study. Med Drug Discov. 2020;8:100064. doi: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100064, PMID 32964205.

Winterbourn CC, Vissers MC. Changes in ascorbate levels on stimulation of human neutrophils. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1983;763(2):175-9. doi: 10.1016/0167-4889(83)90041-1, PMID 6615889.

Washko P, Rotrosen D, Levine M. Ascorbic acid transport and accumulation in human neutrophils. J Biol Chem. 1989;264(32):18996-9002. doi: 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)47256-6, PMID 2681206.

Manzanares W, Hardy G. Thiamine supplementation in the critically ill. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2011;14(6):610-7. doi: 10.1097/MCO.0b013e32834b8911, PMID 21912244.

Donnino MW, Andersen LW, Chase M, Berg KM, Tidswell M, Giberson T. Randomized double blind placebo controlled trial of thiamine as a metabolic resuscitator in septic shock: a pilot study. Crit Care Med. 2016;44(2):360-7. doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001572, PMID 26771781.

Fimognari FL, Loffredo L, Di Simone S, Sampietro F, Pastorelli R, Monaldo M. Hyperhomocysteinaemia and poor vitamin B status in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2009;19(9):654-9. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.12.006, PMID 19282159.

Razeghi Jahromi S, Moradi Tabriz H, Togha M, Ariyanfar S, Ghorbani Z, Naeeni S. The correlation between serum selenium zinc and COVID-19 severity: an observational study. BMC Infect Dis. 2021;21(1):899. doi: 10.1186/s12879-021-06617-3, PMID 34479494.

Yan H, Liang X, DU J, HE Z, Wang Y, Lyu M. Proteomic and metabolomic investigation of serum lactate dehydrogenase elevation in COVID‐19 patients. Proteomics. 2021;21(15):e2100002. doi: 10.1002/pmic.202100002, PMID 33987944.

Shu T, Ning W, WU D, XU J, Han Q, Huang M. Plasma proteomics identify biomarkers and pathogenesis of COVID-19. Immunity. 2020;53(5):1108-1122.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.10.008, PMID 33128875.

Published

15-10-2024

How to Cite

UTAMI, W., & FARRAS, N. (2024). LITERATURE REVIEW: THE OMICS STUDY FOR DETERMINING BIOMARKERS IN HUMAN SERUM AND PLASMA WITH DIFFERENT COVID-19 SEVERITY. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 16(5), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024v16s5.52474

Issue

Section

Review Article(s)