THE ASSOCIATION OF TYPE 2 DIABETES WITH OBESITY AND OTHER FACTORS: IN MULTINATIONAL COMMUNITY
Keywords:
Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, Food quality, CommunityAbstract
Objective: Quantifying the influence of Obesity and other contributing factors on inducing Type 2 Diabetes is important to allow for rational planning and allocation of resources. Therefore, the major aim of this study was to estimate theinfluence of obesity on inducing Type 2 Diabetes and explore the relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and different contributing factors such as age, gender, race, type of food taken and family history in a many healthy and non-healthy human multinational volunteers in the United Arab Emirates.
Methods: A stratified cross-sectional analysis observational study was conducted on 800 healthy males and non-pregnant female volunteers aged between 18 and 45 years old. A Structured Investigational Assessment (SIA) as a principle of analysis was used to find out the contributing factors and correlations between obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. SIA was well designed and highly structured to allow the same types of information to be collected from a large number of people in the same way and for data to be analyzed quantitatively and systematically. Information obtained from volunteers contained age, race, gender, weight, height, quality of food taken, smoking status, medical conditions, emotional, material and physical activity status. Pearson's chi square test was used to study the significance of different contributing factors and obesity on inducing Type 2 Diabetes.
Results: Results indicated a significant difference that was found between the presences of Type 2 Diabetes in obese volunteers compared to non-obese volunteers regardless, age, race, and gender. However, analysis showed that gender, age, race, family history with Type 2 Diabetes and quality of food taken as one of the contributed factors that can induce Type 2 Diabetes, even in the non-obese adults.
Conclusion: Our findings revealed that female, Middle Eastern and obese people who consume non-healthy food are at higher risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes. This can be attributed to the lack of awareness and public health education. Therefore,the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes is high among the United Arab Emirates population and represents a major clinical and public health problem. A national prevention program to prevent diabetes and address the modifiable risk factors at the community level, targeting high-risk groups, should be implemented.
Downloads
References
Parvin M, ZahraB, Fereidoun A. Functional foods-based diet as a novel dietary approach for management of type 2 diabetes and its complications: a review. World J of Diabetes 2014;5(3):267-81.
Gideon RH, Timon WH, Frank LJV. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases. European Heart J 2008.29, 2959-71.
Frank BH, Globalization of Diabetes The role of diet, lifestyle, and genes, Diabetes Care 2011;34(6):1249-57.
Xinli J, Huijie M, Yan W, Yan L3. Early Life Factors and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, J of Diabetes Res 2013;20(13):485082.
Stephen O, Ignatius UE. Profile of metabolic abnormalities seen in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and their first degree relatives with metabolic syndrome seen in Benin City, Edo state Nigeria. J of Diabetes Metabolic Disorders 2014;13:61.
Eckel RH, Kahn SE, Ferrannini E, Goldfine AB, Nathan DM, Schwartz MW, et al. Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: What Can Be Unified and What Needs to Be Individualized?The J of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 2011;96(6):1654-63.
Noraidatulakma Abdullah, John Attia, Christopher Oldmeadow, Rodney J. Scott and Elizabeth G. Holliday. The Architecture of Risk for Type 2 Diabetes: Understanding Asia in the Context of Global Findings. Int J of Endocrinology 2014;2014:593-982.
Abla MS, Christy C, Rania T, Shafika A, Nahla H. Physical activity in adults with and without diabetes: from the ‘high-risk’ approach to the ‘population-based’ approach of prevention. BMC Public Health 2013;13:1002.
Lindström J, Tuomilehto J. Diabetes Risk Score: a practical tool to predict type 2 diabetes risk. Diabetes Care 2003;26:725-31.
Connollya V, Unwinb N, Sherriffa P, Bilousa R, Kellya W. Diabetes prevalence and socioeconomic status: a population based study showing increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in deprived areas. J Epidemiology and Community Health 2000;54:173-7.
Mohammad B, Ismail L. Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Arabic-Speaking Countries. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. Int J of Endocrinology 2012;2012:1-11.
Mei T, Yue C, Daniel K. Gender-related differences in the association between socioeconomic status and self-reported diabetes. Int J of Epidemiology 2003;32 (3):381-5.
Gale EA, Gillespie KM. Diabetes and gender. Diabetologia 2001;44(1):3-15.
Abbasi A, Corpeleijn E, Meijer E, Postmus D, Gansevoort RT, Gans RO, et al. Sex differences in the association between plasma copeptin and incident type 2 diabetes: the Prevention of Renal and Vascular Endstage Disease (PREVEND) study. Diabetologia 2012;55(7):1963-70.
Franconi F, Campesi I, Occhioni S, Tonolo G. Sex-gender differences in diabetes vascular complications and treatment. Endocrine Metabolic and Immune Disorders Drug Targets 2012;12(2):179-96.
Mabry RM, Reeves MM, Eakin EG, Owen N. Gender differences in prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: a systematic review. Diabetic Medicine: A J of the British Diabetic Association 2010;27(5):593-7.
Leigh P, Yong M, Sam D, Edward H, David M, M Jill C. et al. Sex Differences in Diabetes Risk and the Effect of Intensive Lifestyle Modification in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care 2008;31(7):1416-21.
Lépine J, Briley M. The increasing burden of depression. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment 2011;7(1):3-7.
Biggs ML, Mukamal KJ, Luchsinger JA. Association Between Adiposity in Midlife and Older Age and Risk of Diabetes in Older Adults. J of the American Medical Association 2010;303:2504-12.
Cowie CC, Rust KF, Ford ES, Eberhardt MS, Byrd-Holt DD, Li C, et al. Full accounting of diabetes and prediabetes in the U. S. population in 1988-1994 and 2005-2006. Diabetes Care 2009;32:287-94.
Ryan AS. Insulin resistance with aging: effects of diet and exercise. Sports Medicine 2000;30(5):327-46.
Obesity Homepage(in Japanese). Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Retrieved 2013-05-25.
Gautier A, Balkau B, Lange C, Tichet J, Bonnet F. DESIR Study Group. Risk factors for incident type 2 diabetes in individuals with a BMI of<27 kg/m2:the role of gamma-glutamyltransferase. Data from an Epidemiological Study on the Insulin Resistance Syndrome (DESIR). Diabetologia 2010;53(2):247-53.
Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, Willett WC. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. The New England J of Medicine 2001;345:790-7.
Hussein S, S George C, Nicolaas N, Fatima A, Bachar A, Richard R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and its complications in a population-based sample in Al Ain, United Arab Emirates. Diabetes Res and Clinical Practice 2007;78 (3):369-77.
Khalid A, Alqurashi, Khalid SA, Samia AB. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community. Annals Saudi Medicine 2011;31(1):19-23.
Faisal A, Paul MM. High Prevalence of Diabetes in Bahrainis. Diabetes Care 1998;21:6.
Mark P. Fast food increases risk of diabetes, heart disease in Singapore. School of public health, University of Minnesota Academic Health Center 2012.
Janet C, Stefano D, Enrico M, Vikram P. The Effect of Fast Food Restaurants on Obesity and Weight Gain 2009;14721:1-34.
Jukka M, Paul K, Ritva J, Arpo A, Antti R. Whole-grain and fiber intake and the incidence of type 2 diabetes. The American J of Clinical Nutrition 2003;77(3):622-9.
Hallfrisch J, Facn, Behall KM. Mechanisms of the effects of grains on insulin and glucose responses. J of the American College of Nutrition 2000;19(3):320S-325S.
Venn BJ, Mann JI. Cereal grains, legumes and diabetes. European J of Clinical Nutrition 2004;58(11):1443-61.
Walford GA, Porneala BC, Dauriz M, Vassy JL, Cheng S, Rhee EP, et al. Metabolite Traits and Genetic Risk Provide Complementary Information for the Prediction of Future Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014;Pii: DC-140560.
Civitarese AE, Jenkinson CP, Richardson D, Bajaj M, Cusi K, Kashyap S, et al. Adiponectin receptors gene expression and insulin sensitivity in non-diabetic Mexican Americans with or without a family history of Type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2004;47(5):816-20.