ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF SARANG SEMUT (MYRMECODIA PENDANS) FRACTIONS USING THREE DIFFERENT SOLVENTS TOWARD ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS CPS2
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s1.iwdr01Keywords:
Fraction, Sarang semut, n-hexane, Ethyl acetate, Water, Enterococcus faecalis, cps2, Minimum inhibitory concentrationAbstract
Objective: This study investigated the effect of antibacterial activity from sarang semut fractions with three different solvents, i.e. nonpolar (n-hexane),
semipolar (ethyl acetate), and polar (water), to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) on Enterococcus faecalis cps2.
Methods: The fractions were extracted with a maceration method and a methanol solvent. The fractionation was performed with three groups
of solvent to obtain the n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and water fractions. The active compound from the best fraction group was identified using a
phytochemical test, gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry, and thin-layer chromatography. Each fraction group was divided into five different
concentrations, i.e. 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% and was assessed against E. faecalis cps2 with an agar diffusion method. Chlorhexidine 2% was
used as a positive control. The width of the inhibition zone was calculated.
Results: The ethyl acetate group had the biggest inhibition zone of 21 mm in diameter compared to n-hexane and water, which was 15 mm and
19 mm in diameter, respectively. The MIC value of the fraction with a 20% concentration of ethyl acetate was significantly different (P < 0.05) from the
n-hexane and water solvents in inhibiting the growth of E. faecalis cps2.
Conclusion: The ethyl acetate fraction of sarang semut had a greater inhibitory effect on E. faecalis cps2. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the
fraction increased with an increase in concentration.
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References
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27. Hülsmann M, Hahn W. Complications during root canal irrigation--
literature review and case reports. Int Endod J 2000;33:186-93.
28. Razak M, Yong P, Shah Z, Abdullah L, Yee S, Yaw I. The effects of
varying solvent polarity on extraction yield of Orthosiphon stamineus
leaves. J Appl Sci 2012;12:1207-10.
29. Gil MI, Tomás-Barberán FA, Hess-Pierce B, Kader AA. Antioxidant
capacities, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and Vitamin C contents
of nectarine, peach, and plum cultivars from California. J Agric Food
Chem 2002;50:4976-82.
30. Devi P, Murugan S, Suja S, Selvi S, Chinnaswamy P, Vijayanand E.
Antibacterial, in vitro lipid per oxidation and phytochemical observation
on Achyranthes bidentata Blume. Pak J Nutr 2007;6:447-51.
31. Ehsan BR. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of Bryonopsis
laciniosa leaf, stem, fruit and seed. Afr J Biotechnol 2009;8:3565-7.
32. Bakht J, Ali H, Khan M, Islam A. Antimicrobial activities of different
solvents extracted samples of Linum usitatissimum by disc diffusion
method. Afr J Biotechnol 2011;10:19825-35.
33. Fitriadi F, Kurnia D, Satari M. Antibacterial activity of ethyl
acetate fraction from methanolic extracts of ant-plant tubers
towards Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10566. Padjadjaran J Dent
2018;30:189-92.
34. Kurnia D, Sumiarsa D, Dharsono D, Satari M. Bioactive compounds
isolated from Indonesian epiphytic plant of sarang semut and their
antibacterial activity against pathogenic oral bacteria. Nat Prod
Commun 2017;12:1201-4.
35. Brooks G, Carroll K, Butel J, Jawetz MS. Melnick and Adelberg’s
Medical Microbiology. 24th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2007.
36. Andrews J. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations.
J Antibact Chemother 2001;48:5-16.
37. Kagan IA, Flythe MD. Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) separations
and bioassays of plant extracts to identify antimicrobial compounds.
J Vis Exp 2014;85:1-8.
38. Hendra R, Ahmad S, Sukari A, Shukor MY, Oskoueian E. Flavonoid
analyses and antimicrobial activity of various parts of Phaleria
macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2011;12:3422-31.
39. Moein S, Moein M. Relationship between antioxidant properties and
phenolics in Zhumeria majdae. J Med Plants Res 2010;7:517-21.
40. Kanthal LK, Dey A, Satyavathi K, Bhojaraju P. GC-MS analysis of
bio-active compounds in methanolic extract of Lactuca runcinata DC.
Pharmacogn Res 2014;6:58-61.
41. Azalework HG, Sahabjada S, Jafri A, Arshad MD, Malik T.
Phytochemical investigation, GC-MS profile and antimicrobial activity
of a medicinal plant Ruta graveolens L. from ethiopia. Int J Pharm
Pharm Sci 2017;9:29-34.
42. Biradar R, Rachetti D. Extraction of some secondary metabolites and
thin layer chromatography from different parts of Centella asiatica L.
Am J Life Sci 2013;1:243-7.
43. Biranti F, Nursid M, Cahyono B. Quantitative analysis of ?-Karoten
and carotenoid activity test in brown algae Turbinaria decurrens.
J Sains Mat 2009;17:90-6.
44. Sari RP, Wartini N, Yoga IW. Effect of type of solvent on yield and
characteristics of dye extracts from Pandanus (Pandanus tectorius).
J Rekayasa Manajemen Argoindustri 2015;3:103-12.
activity test for extracts of sarang semut plant (Myrmecodia pendens)
to HeLa and MCM-B2 cells. Pak J Biol Sci 2010;13:148-51.
2. Simanjuntak PS. Isolation of active compounds from ants nest hypocotyl
extract (Myrmecodia pendens Merr and Perry) as xantinoksidase
inhibitors. J Ilmu Kefarmasian Indones 2010;8:49-54.
3. Achmad H, Supriatno S, Marhamah M, Rasmidar R. Anticancer and
antiproliferation activity of ant nest fraction (Myrmecodia pendens) on
human tongue cancer cells SP-C1. J Dentomaxillofac Sci 2014;13:1-6.
4. Susanti HE. In vitro xanthine oxidase inhibition activity of the
sarang semut (Myrmecodia tuberosa (non Jack) Bl.) ethanol extract.
Pharmaciana 2014;4:15-22.
5. Hamsar MN, Mizaton H. Potential of ant nest plants as an alternative
cancer treatment. J Pharm Res 2012;5:3063-6.
6. Zwenger S, Basu M. Plant terpenoid: Application and future potentials.
Biotecnol Mol Biol Rev 2008;3:1-7.
7. Turkmen N, Sari F, Velioglu YS. Effects of extraction solvents on
concentration and antioxidant activity of black and black mate tea
polyphenols determined by ferrous tartrate and folin ciocalteu methods.
Food Chem 2006;99:835-41.
8. Rebey IB, Bourgou S, Debez IB, Karoui I, Sellami IH, Msaada K.
Effects of extraction solvents and provenances on phenolic contents
and antioxidant activities of cumin (Cuminum cyminum L.) seeds. Food
Bioprocess Technol 2012;5:2827-36.
9. Cheok C, Chin N, Yusof Y, Law C. Extraction of total phenolic content
from Garcinia mangostana Linn. hull. I. effects of solvents and UV
Vis spectrophotometer absorbance method. Food Bioprocess Technol
2012;5:2928-33.
10. Do QD, Angkawijaya AE, Tran-Nguyen PL, Huynh LH, Soetaredjo FE,
Ismadji S, et al. Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total
flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica.
J Food Drug Anal 2014;22:296-302.
11. Koch S, Hufnagel M, Theilacker C, Huebner J. Enterococcal infections:
Host response, therapeutic, and prophylactic possibilities. Vaccine
2004;22:822-30.
12. Ricucci D, Siqueira JF Jr. Biofilms and apical periodontitis: Study of
prevalence and association with clinical and histopathologic findings.
J Endod 2010;36:1277-88.
13. Jett BD, Huycke MM, Gilmore MS. Virulence of enterococci. Clin
Microbiol Rev 1994;7:462-78.
14. Thurlow LR, Thomas VC, Hancock LE. Capsular polysaccharide
production in Enterococcus faecalis and contribution of CpsF to
capsule serospecificity. J Bacteriol 2009;191:6203-10.
15. Pinheiro ET, Penas PP, Endo M, Gomes BP, Mayer MP. Capsule
locus polymorphism among distinct lineages of Enterococcus faecalis
isolated from canals of root-filled teeth with periapical lesions. J Endod
2012;38:58-61.
16. Hancock LE, Gilmore MS. The capsular polysaccharide of Enterococcus
faecalis and its relationship to other polysaccharides in the cell wall.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:1574-9.
17. McBride SM, Fischetti VA, Leblanc DJ, Moellering RC Jr.,
Gilmore MS. Genetic diversity among Enterococcus faecalis. PLoS
One 2007;2:e582.
18. Hancock LE, Shepard BD, Gilmore MS. Molecular analysis of
the Enterococcus faecalis serotype 2 polysaccharide determinant.
J Bacteriol 2003;185:4393-401.
19. Bachtiar EW, Bachtiar BM, Dewiyani S, Surono Akbar SM.
Enterococcus faecalis with capsule polysaccharides Type 2 and biofilmforming
capacity in Indonesians requiring endodontic treatment.
J Investig Clin Dent 2015;6:197-205.
20. Thurlow L, Thomas V, Hancock SF. Enterococcus faecalis capsular
polysaccharide serotype C dan D and their contribution to host innate
immune evation. Infect Immun 2009;77:5551-7.
21. Engida AM, Kasim NS, Tsigie YA, Ismadji S, Huynh LH, Ju YH.
Extraction, identification and quantitative HPLC analysis of
flavonoids from sarang semut (Myrmecodia pendan). Ind Crops Prod
2013;41:392-6.
22. Daglia M. Polyphenols as antimicrobial agents. Curr Opin Biotechnol
2012;23:174-81.
23. Quideau S, Deffieux D, Douat-Casassus C, Pouysegu L. Plant
polyphenols: Chemical properties, biological activities, and synthesis.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011;50:586-621.
24. European Society of Endodontology. Quality guidelines for endodontic
treatment: Consensus report of the European Society of Endodontology.
Int Endod J 2006;39:921-30.
25. Haapasalo M, Shen Y, Qian W, Gao Y. Irrigation in endodontics. Dent
Clin North Am 2010;54:291-312.
26. Nisar B, Rubab SA, Laila S. Comparison of medicinally important
natural products versus synthetic drugs a short commentary. Nat Prod
Chem Res 2018;6:2.
27. Hülsmann M, Hahn W. Complications during root canal irrigation--
literature review and case reports. Int Endod J 2000;33:186-93.
28. Razak M, Yong P, Shah Z, Abdullah L, Yee S, Yaw I. The effects of
varying solvent polarity on extraction yield of Orthosiphon stamineus
leaves. J Appl Sci 2012;12:1207-10.
29. Gil MI, Tomás-Barberán FA, Hess-Pierce B, Kader AA. Antioxidant
capacities, phenolic compounds, carotenoids, and Vitamin C contents
of nectarine, peach, and plum cultivars from California. J Agric Food
Chem 2002;50:4976-82.
30. Devi P, Murugan S, Suja S, Selvi S, Chinnaswamy P, Vijayanand E.
Antibacterial, in vitro lipid per oxidation and phytochemical observation
on Achyranthes bidentata Blume. Pak J Nutr 2007;6:447-51.
31. Ehsan BR. Antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of Bryonopsis
laciniosa leaf, stem, fruit and seed. Afr J Biotechnol 2009;8:3565-7.
32. Bakht J, Ali H, Khan M, Islam A. Antimicrobial activities of different
solvents extracted samples of Linum usitatissimum by disc diffusion
method. Afr J Biotechnol 2011;10:19825-35.
33. Fitriadi F, Kurnia D, Satari M. Antibacterial activity of ethyl
acetate fraction from methanolic extracts of ant-plant tubers
towards Streptococcus sanguis ATCC 10566. Padjadjaran J Dent
2018;30:189-92.
34. Kurnia D, Sumiarsa D, Dharsono D, Satari M. Bioactive compounds
isolated from Indonesian epiphytic plant of sarang semut and their
antibacterial activity against pathogenic oral bacteria. Nat Prod
Commun 2017;12:1201-4.
35. Brooks G, Carroll K, Butel J, Jawetz MS. Melnick and Adelberg’s
Medical Microbiology. 24th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2007.
36. Andrews J. Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations.
J Antibact Chemother 2001;48:5-16.
37. Kagan IA, Flythe MD. Thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) separations
and bioassays of plant extracts to identify antimicrobial compounds.
J Vis Exp 2014;85:1-8.
38. Hendra R, Ahmad S, Sukari A, Shukor MY, Oskoueian E. Flavonoid
analyses and antimicrobial activity of various parts of Phaleria
macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl fruit. Int J Mol Sci 2011;12:3422-31.
39. Moein S, Moein M. Relationship between antioxidant properties and
phenolics in Zhumeria majdae. J Med Plants Res 2010;7:517-21.
40. Kanthal LK, Dey A, Satyavathi K, Bhojaraju P. GC-MS analysis of
bio-active compounds in methanolic extract of Lactuca runcinata DC.
Pharmacogn Res 2014;6:58-61.
41. Azalework HG, Sahabjada S, Jafri A, Arshad MD, Malik T.
Phytochemical investigation, GC-MS profile and antimicrobial activity
of a medicinal plant Ruta graveolens L. from ethiopia. Int J Pharm
Pharm Sci 2017;9:29-34.
42. Biradar R, Rachetti D. Extraction of some secondary metabolites and
thin layer chromatography from different parts of Centella asiatica L.
Am J Life Sci 2013;1:243-7.
43. Biranti F, Nursid M, Cahyono B. Quantitative analysis of ?-Karoten
and carotenoid activity test in brown algae Turbinaria decurrens.
J Sains Mat 2009;17:90-6.
44. Sari RP, Wartini N, Yoga IW. Effect of type of solvent on yield and
characteristics of dye extracts from Pandanus (Pandanus tectorius).
J Rekayasa Manajemen Argoindustri 2015;3:103-12.
Published
23-03-2020
How to Cite
BINARTHA, C. T. O., SUPRASTIWI, E., KURNIA, D., MARGONO, A., & ARTININGSIH, D. A. N. P. (2020). ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTS OF SARANG SEMUT (MYRMECODIA PENDANS) FRACTIONS USING THREE DIFFERENT SOLVENTS TOWARD ENTEROCOCCUS FAECALIS CPS2. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics, 12(1), 271–275. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s1.iwdr01
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