ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF MAJOR SPECIES FROM LABIATAE FAMILY IN SAUDI ARABIA: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

FAZIL AHMAD; BALU KAMARAJ; JAMAL MOIDEEN MUTHU MOHAMED; DOAA EBRAHIM; SHOUG YOUSIF AL HUMOUD; AIDA MOHAMMED EL-SAGHEER; AMINA SABRY ABDALGHAFFAR EMAM

doi:10.22159/ijap.2022.v14ti.40

Authors

FAZIL AHMAD Department of Anesthesia Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P. O. Box 4030, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
BALU KAMARAJ Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Medical Science in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
JAMAL MOIDEEN MUTHU MOHAMED College of Pharmacy, Shri Indra Ganesan Institute of Medical Science, Tiruchirappalli 620012, India
DOAA EBRAHIM Department of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Science in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
SHOUG YOUSIF AL HUMOUD Department of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Science in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
AIDA MOHAMMED EL-SAGHEER Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Medical Science in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia
AMINA SABRY ABDALGHAFFAR EMAM Department of Neuroscience Technology, College of Applied Medical Science in Jubail, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Jubail, Saudi Arabia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022.v14ti.40

Keywords:

Labiatae, Traditional system, Essential oil, Saudi Arabia, and Antioxidant activity

Abstract

A review on a medicinal plant belong to family Labiatae has been made in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Among the reported flora in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Labiatae family has the highest species. A total of 23 species of Labiatae family has been reported with high medicinal value. A detail review on 12 species of Labiatae family had done to know their phytochemical constituents, medicinal uses and pharmacological properties. In this review we also explore the total chemical constituents present in each plant with a unique list of 3D chemical structures. (E)-2-Hexenal, 1,8-Cineole, Bicyclogermacrene, Borneol, Bornyl acetate, Bulnesol, Caffeic acid, Camphene, Camphor, Eugenol, Gallic acid, Quercetin, Terpinene, Thymol, etc are the important constituent in these 12 species of Labiatae family. This study also shows that Marrubium vulgare L, Ocimum basilicum L, Origanum majorana and Otostegia fruticosa plants had reported with many medicinal uses and pharmacological properties. Medicinal constituents include the highest phenolic, flavonoid content and strong aromatic essential oil. Further scientific investigations on these 12 species are needed to explore toxicity and clinical efficacy and as well as to explore the therapeutic effects of major secondary metabolites. The summarized information from the current review may be a useful tool for researchers to carry out further study and explore other scientific aspects of the herbs.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

World Health Organization, WHO. Traditional medicine, fact sheet; 2008. p. 134.

Hendawy SF, El-Din AA, Aziz EE, Omer EA. Productivity and oil quality of thymus vulgaris L. under organic fertilization conditions. Ozean J Appl Sci. 2010;3:203-16.

Sarac N, Ugur A. Antimicrobial activities and usage in folkloric medicine of some Lamiaceae species growing in Mugla, Turkey. Eur Asia J Biosci. 2007;1:28-34.

Giuliani C, Maleci Bini L. Insight into the structure and chemistry of glandular trichomes of Labiatae, with emphasis on subfamily Lamioideae. Plant Syst Evol. 2008;276(3-4):199-208. doi: 10.1007/s00606-008-0085-0.

Karpinski TM. Essential oils of lamiaceae family plants as antifungals. Biomolecules. 2020 Jan 7;10(1):103. doi: 10.3390/biom10010103, PMID 31936168, PMCID PMC7023020.

Alqahtani A, Raut B, Khan S, Mohamed JMM, Fatease AA, Alqahtani T. The unique carboxymethyl fenugreek gum gel loaded itraconazole self-emulsifying nanovesicles for topical onychomycosis treatment. Polymers (Basel). 2022;14(2). doi: 10.3390/polym14020325. PMID 35054731.

RHS. A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley; 2008. p. 1136.

Lopez Gonzalez GA. Madrid: Mundi-Prensa, 2nd ed. Guia arboles arbustos Peninsula Iberica Baleares; 2007.

Mossa JS, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Meshal IA. Medicinal plants of Saudi Arabia. Riyadh: King Saud University Press; 2000.

Lopez V, Nielsen B, Solas M, Ramirez MJ, Jager AK. Exploring pharmacological mechanisms of lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) essential oil on central nervous system targets. Front Pharmacol. 2017 May 19;8:280. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00280, PMID 28579958, PMCID PMC5437114.

Messaoud C, Chograni H, Boussaid M. Chemical composition and antioxidant activities of essential oils and methanol extracts of three wild Lavandula L. species. Nat Prod Res. 2012 Nov;26(21):1976-84. doi: 10.1080/14786419.2011.635343. PMID 22117129.

Mann CM, Cox SD, Markham JL. The outer membrane of Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 6749 contributes to its tolerance to the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil). Lett Appl Microbiol. 2000 Apr;30(4):294-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1472-765x.2000.00712.x. PMID 10792649.

Hassan WHB, El Gamal AA, El-Sheddy E, Al-Oquil M, Farshori NN. The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Lavandula coronopifolia growing in Saudi Arabia. J Chem Pharm Res. 2014;6:604-515.

Mohamed JMM, Alqahtani A, Kumar TVA, Fatease AA, Alqahtani T, Krishnaraju V. Superfast synthesis of stabilized silver nanoparticles using aqueous allium sativum (Garlic) extract and isoniazid hydrazide conjugates: molecular docking and in vitro characterizations. Molecules. 2021;27(1):110. doi: 10.3390/molecules27010110, PMID 35011342.

Farshori NN, Al-Sheddi ES, Al-Oqail MM, Hassan WH, Al-Khedhairy AA, Musarrat J. Hepatoprotective potential of Lavandula coronopifolia extracts against ethanol-induced oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells. Toxicol Ind Health. 2015;31(8):727-37. doi: 10.1177/0748233713483188, PMID 23546397.

Ghazanfar SA. Handbook of Arabian medicinal plants. CRC press, Inc; 1994. p. 64-5.

Mohamed JMM, Ahmad F, Alqahtani A, Lqahtani T, Raju VK, Anusuya M. Studies on preparation and evaluation of soluble 1:1 stoichiometric curcumin complex for colorectal cancer treatment. Trends Sci. 2021;18(24):1403. doi: 10.48048/tis.2021.1403.

Lavender medically reviewed by Drugs. Com. Last updated on Nov 1; 2018.

Hamada D, Ladjel S, Mohammed BG, Salah EB, Noureddine G. Chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Lavandula pubescens Decne essential oil from Algeria. Int J Biosci. 2018;12(1):187-92. doi: 10.12692/ijb/12.1.187-192.

Mohamed JMM, Alqahtani A, Khan BA, Al Fatease A, Alqahtani T, Venkatesan K. Preparation of soluble complex of curcumin for the potential antagonistic effects on human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(9):939. doi: 10.3390/ph14090939, PMID 34577638.

Mossa JS, Al-Yahya MA, Al-Meshal IA. Medicinal plants of Saudi Arabia. Riyadh: King Saud University Press; 1987.

Nadkarni KM. Indian Materia Medica. Bombay. 3rd ed. India: Popular Press Prakashan; 1996. p. 1319.

Mohamed JMM, Alqahtani A, Al Fatease A, Alqahtani T, Khan BA, Ashmitha B. Human hair keratin composite scaffold: characterization and biocompatibility study on NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(8):781. doi: 10.3390/ph14080781, PMID 34451878.

Missouri Botanical Garden. Nepeta × faassenii. Available from: https://www.gbif.org/species/113618230 [Last accessed on 10 Jan 2013]

Nepeta. Flora of China;17:107. http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx.

Suntar I, Nabavi SM, Barreca D, Fischer N, Efferth T. Pharmacological and chemical features of Nepeta L. Genus: its importance as a therapeutic agent. Phytother Res. 2018 Feb;32(2):185-98. doi: 10.1002/ptr.5946. PMID 29044858.

Coillte NHM. Flora for fauna checklist BSBI List 2007. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland; 2014.

The IUCN Red List of threatened species: Mentha longifolia (Horse Mint). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; 2018.

Grieve M. A modern herbal: the medicinal, culinary, cosmetic and economic properties, cultivation and folk-lore of herbs, grasses, fungi, shrubs, and trees with all their modern scientific uses. Vol. 2. New York: Dover Publications; 1971. p. 902.

Rangarajan N, Sampath, Dass Prakash M, Mohanasundaram S. UV spectrophotometry and FTIR analysis of phenolic compounds with antioxidant potentials in glycyrrhiza glabra and zingiber officinale. IJRPS 2020;12(1):877-83.

Darwish RM, Aburjai TA. Effect of ethnomedicinal plants used in folklore medicine in Jordan as antibiotic resistant inhibitors on Escherichia coli. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2010 Feb 28;10:9. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-9, PMID 20187978, PMCID PMC2839964.

Rangarajan N, Sangeetha R, Mohanasundaram S, Sampath, Porkodi K, Dass Prakash MV. Additive inhibitory effect of the peels of Citrus limon and Citrus sinensis against amylase and glucosidase activity. IJRPS 2021;11(4):6876-80. doi: 10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3661.

Mimica Dukic N, Bozin B, Sokovic M, Mihajlovic B, Matavulj M. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of three Mentha species essential oils. Planta Med. 2003;69(5):413-9. doi: 10.1055/s-2003-39704, PMID 12802721.

Mohamed JM, Alqahtani A, Ahmad F, Krishnaraju V, Kalpana K. Pectin co-functionalized dual-layered solid lipid nanoparticle made by soluble curcumin for the targeted potential treatment of colorectal cancer. Carbohydr Polym. 2021;252:117180. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.117180. PMID 33183627.

Naseri MK, Naseri ZG, Mohammadian M, Birgani MO. Ileal relaxation induced by mentha longifolia (L.) leaf extract in rat. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008;11(12):1594-9. doi: 10.3923/pjbs.2008.1594.1599, PMID 18819647.

Ebrahimzadeh MA, Nabavi SM, Nabavi SF. Antioxidant and antihemolytic activities of Mentha longifolia. Pharmacologyonline. 2010;2:464-71.

Nagadeep J, Kamaraj P, Arthanareeswari M. Gradient RP-HPLC method for the determination of potential impurities in dabigatran etexilate in bulk drug and capsule formulations. Arab J Chem. 2019;12(8):3431-43. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.09.006.

Nagadeep J, Kamaraj P, Arthanareeswari M. Enantiometric separation of sitagliptin in a fixed-dose combination formula of sitagliptin and metformin by a chiral liquid chromatographic method. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2019;11(6):66-71.

Mohanasundaram S, Doss VA, Maddisetty P, Magesh R, Sivakumar K, Subathra M. Pharmacological analysis of hydroethanolic extract of Senna alata (L.) for in vitro free radical scavenging and cytotoxic activities against Hep G2 cancer cell line. Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019;32(3):931-4.

Gupta A, Atkinson AN, Pandey AK, Bishayee A. Health-promoting and disease-mitigating potential of verbascum thapsus L. (common mullein): a review. Phytother Res. 2022 Apr;36(4):1507-22. doi: 10.1002/ptr.7393. PMID 35088467.

Mohanasundaram S, Rangarajan N, Sampath V, Porkodi K, Dass Prakash MV, Monicka N. GC-MS identification of anti-inflammatory and anticancer metabolites in edible milky white mushroom (Calocybe indica) against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells. Res J Pharm and Technol. 2021;14(8):4300-6.

Mohamed JMM, Alqahtani A, Ahmad F, Krishnaraju V, Kalpana K. Stoichiometrically governed curcumin solid dispersion and its cytotoxic evaluation on colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2020;14:4639-58. doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S273322. PMID 33173275.

Souza FV, da Rocha MB, de Souza DP, Marçal RM. (-)-Carvone: antispasmodic effect and mode of action. Fitoterapia. 2013 Mar;85:20-4. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2012.10.012. PMID: 23103297.

Dzoyem JP, McGaw LJ, Kuete V, Bakowsky U. Anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of African medicinal spices and vegetables V. In: Kuete, editor, Medicinal spices and vegetables from. Cambridge: Academic Press; 2017. p. 239-70.

Victor Arokia Doss VA, Prasad Maddisetty P, Mohanasundaram S. Biological active compounds with various medicinal values of strychnos nnux-vomica–a pharmacological summary. J Global Trends Pharm Sci. 2016;7(1):3044-7.

Bassole IHN, Nebie R, Savadogo A, Ouattara CT, Barro N, Traore SA. Composition and antimicrobial activities of the leaf and flower essential oils of Lippia chevalieri and ocimum canum from Burkina Faso. African Journal of Biotechnology. 2005;4(10):1156-60.

Leffers A. Gemsbok Bean and Kalahari Truffle: traditional plant use by Jul'hoansi in North-Eastern Namibia Gamsberg,. London: Macmillan Publishers; 2003.

Darrah HH. Investigation of the cultivars of the basils (Ocimum). Economic Botany. 1974;28(1):63-67. doi: 10.1007/BF02861381.

Ferrante C, Recinella L, Ronci M, Menghini L, Brunetti L, Chiavaroli A, Leone S, Di Iorio L, Carradori S, Tirillini B, Angelini P, Covino S, Venanzoni R, Orlando G. Multiple pharmacognostic characterization on hemp commercial cultivars: focus on inflorescence water extract activity. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019 Mar;125:452-61. doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.01.035. PMID: 30711720.

Mohanasundaram S, Rangarajan N, Sampath V, Porkodi K, Pennarasi M. GC-MS and HPLC analysis of antiglycogenolytic and glycogenic compounds in kaempferol 3-O–gentiobioside containing Senna alata L. leaves in experimental rats. Translational Metabolic Syndrome (Research). 2021;4:10-7.

Kumar S, Dobos GJ, Rampp T. The significance of ayurvedic medicinal plants. J Evid Based Complementary Altern Med. 2017 Jul;22(3):494-501. doi: 10.1177/2156587216671392. PMID: 27707902, PMCID: PMC5871155.

Nadkarni KM. Indian materia medica. 1st ed. Bombay: Popular Press Prakashan; 1976. p. 862.

Tanker N, Islisulu F, Koyuncu M, Cosscumkun M. Phytochemical screening of plants from the ermenek-mut gulnar (Turkey) Area, III. Labiatae. International Journal of Crude Drug Research. 1986;24(4):177-82. doi: 10.3109/13880208609060896.

Rubab S. A review on biomedical description of Ocimum basilicum L. J Islamic Int Med Coll. 2017;12(1):59-67.

Mohanasundaram S, Doss VA, Haripriya G, Varsha M, Daniya S, Madhankumar. GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds and comparative antibacterial potentials of aqueous, ethanolic and hydroethanolic extracts of Senna alata L. against enteric pathogens. Int J Res Pharm Sci. 2017;8(1):22-7.

Bozin B, Mimica Dukic N, Simin N, Anackov G. Characterization of the volatile composition of essential oils of some Lamiaceae spices and the antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the entire oils. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Mar 8;54(5):1822-8. doi: 10.1021/jf051922u, PMID: 16506839.

Hussain AI, Anwar F, Hussain Sherazi ST, Przybylski R. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (Ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. Food Chem. 2008 Jun 1;108(3):986-95. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.12.010. PMID: 26065762.

Victor Arokia Doss VA, Mohanasundaram S, Prasad Maddisetty P. Analysis of hydroethanolic extract of Senna alata (L.) to screen bioactive compounds with inhibitory activity on lipid peroxidation, in vitro antibacterial and antidiabetic efficacy. Int J Pharma Sci. 2016;6(1):1360-6.

Yamasaki K, Nakano M, Kawahata T, Mori H, Otake T, Ueda N, Isao OISHI, Rie I, Megumi Y, Miki N, Hiroko M, Tsutomu N, Yamasaki K, Nakano M, Kawahata T, Mori H, Otake T, Ueba N. Anti-HIV-1 activity of herbs in Labiatae. Biol Pharm Bull. 1998;21(8):829-33. doi: 10.1248/bpb.21.829, PMID 9743251.

Renzulli C, Galvano F, Pierdomenico L, Speroni E, Guerra MC. Effects of rosmarinic acid against aflatoxin Bb1 and ochratoxin-a-induced cell damage in a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2). J Appl Toxicol. 2004 Jul-Aug;24(4):289-96. doi: 10.1002/jat.982, PMID: 15300717.

WHO. Mental health: new understanding New Hope. World Health Rep; 2001.

Prakash P, Gupta N. Therapeutic uses of Ocimum sanctum Linn (Tulsi) with a note on eugenol and its pharmacological actions: a short review. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2005 Apr;49(2):125-31. PMID: 16170979.

Hussain EH, Jamil K, Rao M. Hypoglycaemic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant properties of tulsi (Ocimum sanctum linn) on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Indian J Clin Biochem. 2001 Jul;16(2):190-4. doi: 10.1007/BF02864859, PMID: 23105316, PMCID: PMC3453628.

Sivakumar S, Mohanasundaram S, Rangarajan N, Sampath V, Velayutham Dass Prakash MV. In silico prediction of interactions and molecular dynamics simulation analysis of Mpro of severe acute respiratory syndrome caused by novel coronavirus 2 with the FDA-approved nonprotein antiviral drugs. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2022;12(05):104-19. doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2022.120508.

Muglikar AG, Kothekar MA, Chilwant KS, Jaju JB. Effect of Ocimum sanctum (OS) aqueous leaf extract on gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Ind J Pharmacol. 2004;36:123.

Sarkar A, Pandey DN, Pant MC. A report on the effect of Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi) leaves and seeds on blood and urinary uric acid, urea and urine volume in normal albino rabbits. Ind J Physiol Pharmacol. 1994;34:61-2.

Javed Ahmed Ujjan JA, William Morani W, Naz Memon N, Sugumar Mohanasundaram S, Shibili Nuhmani S, Bhupesh Kumar Singh BK. Force platform-based intervention program for individuals suffering with neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson. Comput Math Methods Med. 2022;11. doi: 10.1155/2022/1636263, PMID 35082910.

Erler F, Ulug I, Yalcinkaya B. Repellent activity of five essential oils against Culex pipiens. Fitoterapia. 2006;77(7-8):491-4. doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.05.028, PMID 16890387.

Singh V, Amdekar S, Ocimum Sanctum VO. (Tulsi): bio-pharmacological activities. Web Med Central Pharmacol. 2010;1(10):1-7.

Singh N, Hoette Y, Miller R. Tulsi MR. The mother medicine of nature. 2nd ed. Lucknow: International Institute of Herbal Medicine; 2010. p. 28-47.

Mohan L, Amberkar MV, Kumari M. Ocimum sanctum linn. (TULSI)-an overview. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2011;7:51-3.

Pattanayak P, Behera P, Das D, Panda SK. Ocimum sanctum Linn. A reservoir plant for therapeutic applications: an overview. Pharmacogn Rev. 2010;4(7):95-105. doi: 10.4103/ 0973-7847.65323, PMID 22228948.

Mondal S, Mirdha BR, Mahapatra SC. The science behind sacredness of Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum Linn.). Indian J Physiol Pharmacol. 2009;53(4):291-306. PMID 20509321.

Deepika S, Prabir KC, Singh D, Chaudhuri PK. A review on phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Holy basil (Ocimum sanctum L.). Industrial Crops and Products. 2018;118:367-82. doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.03.048.

Kokkini S, Hanlidou E, Regina K. Herbs of the labiatae encyclopedia of food science and nutrition. 2nd ed. Benjamin Caballero: Academic Press; 2003.

Wang Q, Sivakumar K, Mohanasundaram S. Impacts of extrusion processing on food nutritional components. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag. 2022;13(S1):364-74. doi: 10.1007/s13198-021-01422-2.

Amarowicz R, Zegarska Z, Rafałowski R, Pegg RB, Karamac M, Kosinska A. Antioxidant activity and free radical-scavenging capacity of ethanolic extracts of thyme, oregano, and marjoram. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol. 2009;111(11):1111-7. doi: 10.1002/ejlt.200800170.

Rezaie A, Mousavi G, Nazeri M, Jafari B, Ebadi A, Ahmadeh C, Habibi E. Comparative study of sedative, the pre-anesthetic and anti-anxiety effect of Origanum majorana extract with diazepam on rats. Res J Biol Sci. 2011;6(11):611-4. doi: 10.3923/rjbsci.2011.611.614.

Deshmane DN, Gadgoli CH, Halade GV. Anticonvulsant effect of Origanum majorana L. Pharmacologyonline. 2007;1:64-78.

Perez Gutierrez RM. Inhibition of advanced glycation end-product formation by Origanum majorana L. in vitro and in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:598638. doi: 10.1155/2012/598638. Epub 2012 Sep 12. PMID: 23008741, PMCID: PMC3447365.

Vasudeva N, Singla P, Das S, Kumar Sharma SK. Antigout and antioxidant activity of stem and root of Origanum majorana Linn. Am J Drug Discov Dev. 2014;4(2):102-12. doi: 10.3923/ajdd.2014.102.112.

Al-Harbi No. Effect of marjoram extract treatment on the cytological and biochemical changes induced by cyclophosphamide in mice. J Med Plants Res. 2011;5(23):5479-85.

Karthikeyan V, Sivakumar K, Gokuldass A, Mohana Sundaram S. Studies on larvicidal activity of leucas aspera, vitex negundo and Eucalyptus against Culex quinquefasciatus collected from coovum river of Chennai, India. Asian J Pharm Sci Clin Res. 2012;5(3):1-4.

Mohamed N, Yasmen SH, Nohir G. Antimicrobial activity of water and ethanol Marjoram (Origanum marjorana L.) extract. The 6th Arab and 3rd International Annual Scientific Conference. 2011;2350-66.

Sharma N, Dubey NK, Sharma K. Screening of insecticidal and antifungal activity of Origanum majorana oil against callosobruchus chinensis L. and Aspergillus spp. Res J Agric and Biol Sci. 2011;7(2):223-7.

Abbassy MA, Abdelgaleil SAM, Rabie RYA. Insecticidal and synergistic effects of Majorana hortensis essential oil and some of its major constituents. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 2009;131(3):225-32. doi: 10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00854.x.

Yang YC, Lee SH, Clark JM, Ahn YJ. Ovicidal and adulticidal activities of Origanum majorana essential oil constituents against insecticide-susceptible and pyrethroid/Malathion-resistant Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae). J Agric Food Chem. 2009 Mar 25;57(6):2282-7. doi: 10.1021/jf803738z, PMID: 19292466.

Narendhiran S, Mohanasundaram S, Arun J, Saravanan L, Catherine L, Subathra M. Comparative study in larvicidal efficacy of medicinal plant extracts against Culex quinquefasciatus. Int J Res Plant Sci. 2014;4(1):22-5.

Kidane D, Tomass Z, Dejene T. Community knowledge of traditional mosquito repellent plants in Kolla Temben District, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Sci Res Essays. 2013;8:1139-44.

Mohanasundaram S, Ramirez Asis E, Quispe Talla A, Bhatt MW, Shabaz M. Experimental replacement of hops by mango in beer: production and comparison of total phenolics, flavonoids, minerals, carbohydrates, proteins and toxic substances. Int J Syst Assur Eng Manag. 2022;13(S1):132-45. doi: 10.1007/s13198-021-01308-3.

Safa O, Soltanipoor MA, Rastegar S, Kazemi M, Nourbakhsh Dehkordi K, Ghannadi A. An ethnobotanical survey on Hormozgan province, Iran. Avicenna J Phytomed. 2013;3(1):64-81. PMID: 25050260, PMCID: PMC4075690.

Asghari G, Nourallahi H, Havaie SA, Issa L. Antimicrobial activity of Otostegia persica boiss. extracts. Res Pharm Sci. 2006;1:53-8.

Shrififar F, Yassa N, Shafiee A. Antioxidant activity of otostegia persica (Labiatae) and its constituents. Iran J Pharm Res. 2003;2:235-9.

Samad Akbarzadeh. Anti-diabetic effect of Otostegia persica extract on diabetic rats. J Med Plants Res. 2012;6(16):3176-80. doi: 10.5897/JMPR11.1661.

Bharathi P, Elavarasi N, Mohanasundaram S. Studies on rate of Biodegradation of vegetable oil (Cocunut oil) by using Pseudomonas sp. Int J Environ Biol. 2012;2(2):12-9.

Nateghpour M, Farivar L, Souri E, Hajjaran H, Mohebali M, Motevalli Haghi A. The effect of otostegia persica in combination with chloroquine on chloroquine-sensitive and chloroquine-resistant strains of plasmodium berghei using in vivo fixed ratios method. Iran J Pharm Res. 2012;11(2):583-8. PMID 24250482.

Bezenjani SN, Pouraboli I, Malekpour Afshar R, Mohammadi GhNasiri Bezenjani S, Pouraboli I, Malekpour Afshar R, Mohammadi G. Hepatoprotective effect of otostegia persica boiss. shoot extract on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute liver damage in rats. Iran J Pharm Res. 2012;11(4):1235-41. PMID 24250558.

Ganjali A, Sotoudeh A, Jahanshahi A, Ashrafzadeh Takhtfooladi M, Bazzazan A, Roodbari N, Pourramezani Harati MGanjali A, Sotoudeh A, Jahanshahi A, Takhtfooladi MA, Bazzazan A, Roodbari N. Otostegia persica extraction on the healing process of burn wounds. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira. 2013;28(6):407-11. doi: 10.1590/s0102-86502013000600001, PMID 23743676.

Yassa N, Sharififar F, Shafiee A. Otostegia persica. as a source of natural antioxidants. Pharm Biol. 2005;431(1):33-8. doi: 10.1080/13880200590903336.