A REVIEW OF SUNGKAI (PERONEMA CANESCENS): TRADITIONAL USAGE, PHYTOCONSTITUENT, AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES

MUHAMMAD RYAN RADIX RAHARDHIAN; YASMIWAR SUSILAWATI; ADI SUMIWI; MOELYONO MUKTIWARDOYO; MUCHTARIDI

doi:10.22159/ijap.2022.v14s5.24

Authors

MUHAMMAD RYAN RADIX RAHARDHIAN Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Semarang College of Pharmaceutical Sciences (STIFAR), Semarang 50192, Indonesia
YASMIWAR SUSILAWATI Department of Biology Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
ADI SUMIWI Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
MOELYONO MUKTIWARDOYO Herbal Study Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia
MUCHTARIDI Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Jatinangor 45363, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2022.v14s5.24

Keywords:

Sungkai, Peronema canescens, Traditional usage, Phytoconstituent, Pharmacological activities, In vitro, In vivo

Abstract

This article review aims to evaluate the traditional usage, phytoconstituent, and pharmacological activities of Peronema canescens (PC) published between 1994 to 2021 and suggest directions for further in-depth research of PC as a medicinal resource. A literature review used relevant keywords to collect primary and secondary scientific papers from popular media databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, PubMed, and Science Direct. The search keywords for papers included Peronema canescens, traditional usage, phytoconstituent, pharmacological activity, in vitro, in vivo, combined, or separated. Traditional usage of PC as medicine has been identified to treat various diseases such as toothache, malaria, fever, skin disorders, itching, bruising, and hypertension, as refreshing drinks, increasing stamina, and as food ingredients. Chemical constituents of PC were seven clerodane diterpenoid compounds, namely A2, A3, B1, B2, B3, C1, and D1 peronemin. Five of them are furanyl groups. Secondary metabolites contained in PC extract were phenols, triterpenoids, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, steroids, and saponins. In vitro, pharmacological activities of PC showed anti-plasmodium, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities, had non-toxic effects, and did not cause teratogenic effects. In vivo studies of PC showed that PC could use as an immune booster, antiparasitic, anti-hyperuricemic, anti-plasmodium, antidiabetic, and antipyretic. Many phytoconstituent and pharmacological reports indicated that PC was an essential medicinal herb resource, and some of its traditional uses, including the treatment of fever, antiparasitic, anti-hypertension, malaria, and tonic drink, have been partially confirmed through modern pharmacological studies. Diterpenoids were the main active constituents. However, these crude extracts and isolated chemicals of PC required additional research to identify the effects, optimal dosage, mechanisms of action, long-term safety, and potential side effects. In addition, clinical research was necessary to support the therapeutic potential of PC.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Dube NP, Siwe Noundou X, Krause RWM, Kemboi D, Tembu VJ, Manicum AL. Review of the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities of rhoicissus species (Vitaceae). Molecules. 2021;26(8). doi: 10.3390/molecules26082306. PMID 33923374.

WHO Report. WHO Global report on traditional and complementary medicine. World Health Organization; 2019. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/312342/9789241515436-eng.pdf?ua=1. [Last accessed on 18 Dec 2020]

WHO. Key technical issues of herbal medicines; 2021.

Castro A, Coll J. Neo-clerodane diterpenoids from verbenaceae: structural elucidation and biological activity. Nat Prod Commun. 2008;3(6):1021-31. doi: 10.1177/1934578X0800300630.

Lourenço SC, Moldao Martins M, Alves VD. Antioxidants of natural plant origins: from sources to food industry applications. Molecules. 2019;24(22):14-6. doi: 10.3390/molecules24224132, PMID 31731614.

Kang KS, Han MS, Kim IS, Nam SH. Estimation of genetic parameters for growth performance and survival rate in a clonal test of Peronema canescens. Plant Breed Biotech. 2013;1(3):245-52. doi: 10.9787/PBB.2013.1.3.245.

Qamariah N, Mulia DS, Fakhrizal D. Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants by dayak community in mandomai village, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Pharmacogn J. 2020;12(2):386-90. doi: 10.5530/pj.2020.12.60.

Suharjito D, Darusman L, Darusman D, Suwarno E. Comparing medicinal plants use for traditional and modern herbal medicine in long nah village of East Kalimantan. Bionatura. 2014;16(2):95-102. Available from: http://journal.unpad.ac.id/bionatura/article/view/7570.

Kuswantoro F. Traditional anti-malaria plants species of Balikpapan botanic garden, East Kalimantan-Indonesia. KLS. 2017;3(4):78. doi: 10.18502/kls.v3i4.690.

Hidayat S, Zuhud EAM, Widyatmoko D, Bahruni BI, Batubara I. The commercial potential of forest trees as medicinal and health ingredients. Biodiversitas. 2021;22(7):2795-804. doi: 10.13057/biodiv/d220729.

Kitagawa I, Simanjuntak P, Hori K, Nagami N, Mahmud T, Kobayashi M. Indonesian medicinal plants. VII. Seven new clerodane-type diterpenoids, peronemins. Chem Pharm Bull. 1994;42(5):1050–5.

Latief M, Sari PM, Fatwa LT, Tarigan IL, Rupasinghe HPV. Antidiabetic activity of sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack) leaves ethanol extract on the male mice induced alloxan monohydrate. Pharmacol Clin Pharm Res. 2021;6(2):64-74. doi: 10.15416/pcpr.v6i2.31666.

Hazimi H, Fitmawati E. Skrining fitokimia ramuan obat pahit Suku Melayu Lingga Kepulauan Riau. J Riau Biol. 2018;3(1):34-40.

Pindan NP, Daniel SC, Magdaleni AR. Phytochemical test and antioxidant activity test of N-hexane fraction extract, ethyl acetate and remained ethanol from leaf of Sungkai (Peronema canescens Jack.) using Dpph. Method J At 2021;6(1):22-7.

Mrityunjaya M, Pavithra V, Neelam R, Janhavi P, Halami PM, Ravindra PV. Immune-boosting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory food supplements targeting pathogenesis of COVID-19. Front Immunol. 2020;11(Oct):570122. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.570122, PMID 33117359.

Mahyar UW, Burley JS, Gyllenhaal C, Soejarto DD. Medicinal plants of Seberida (Riau Province, Sumatra, Indonesia). J Ethnopharmacol. 1991;31(2):217-37. doi: 10.1016/0378-8741(91)90007-z, PMID 2023430.

Herianto H, Kusuma Z, Nihayati E, Prayogo C. The plant wisdom of dayak ot danum, Central Kalimantan. J Trop Life Science. 2018;8(2):130-43. doi: 10.11594/jtls.08.02.06.

Subeki. Potency of the Indonesian medicinal plants as antimalarial drugs. J Teknol Ind Has Pertan. 2008;13(1):25-30.

Rosalia N, Susandarini R. Medicinal plants diversity in Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling wildlife reserve, Riau, Indonesia. Int J Herb Med. 2020;8(4):33-8.

Kasrina K, Zukmadini AY, Laily FAB, Rahmi S. Medicinal plants diversity in traditional treatment of Rejang ethnic communities in Rejang Lebong regency as a resource for learning plant taxonomy. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. 2021;532(532):275-82. doi: 10.2991/assehr.k.210227.048.

Razak NIA, Othman R, Pahang JT. Proceedings of the second international conference on ther future of Asean (ICoFA). Proceedings of the second international conference on ther future of Asean (ICoFA); 2017;2:2. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-8471-3_88.

Mulyoutami E, Rismawan R, Joshi L. Local knowledge and management of simpukng (forest gardens) among the Dayak people in east Kalimantan, Indonesia. For Ecol Manag. 2009;257(10):2054-61. doi: 10.1016/j.foreco.2009.01.042.

Frezza C, Venditti A, Serafini M, Bianco A. Phytochemistry, chemotaxonomy, ethnopharmacology, and nutraceuticals of Lamiaceae. Elsevier. 2019;62:125-78. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64185-4.00004-6.

Setyowati FM. Ethnopharmacology and use of medicinal plants for the Dayak Tunjung tribe in East Kalimantan. Media Litbang Kesehat. 2010;XX(3):104-12.

Simanjuntak P. Chemical study of Sungkai plant glycoside compounds (Peronema canescens). JKTI. 1996;6(1):8-12.

Halim KFK, Jalani KJ, Mohsin HF, Wahab IA. Phytochemical screening of Peronema canescens Jack. Int J Pharm. 2020;1(Mar):7-15.

Arung ET, Kusuma IW, Iskandar YM, Yasutake S, Shimizu K, Kondo R. Screening of Indonesian plants for tyrosinase inhibitory activity. J Wood Sci. 2005;51(5):520-5. doi: 10.1007/s10086-004-0690-7.

Kuspradini H, Mitsunaga T, Mihara R, Ohashi H. Investigating glucosyltransferase inhibitory activities of polyphenols from kapur (Dryobalanops sp.) heartwood extracts. J Nat Med. 2007;61(4):462-7. doi: 10.1007/s11418-007-0176-1.

Suwandi JF, Wijayanti MA, Mustofa. Inhibition activity of Hem antiplasmodium polymerization of sungkai leaf extract (Peronema canescens) in vitro. In: Seminar Nasional Nasional Sains & Teknologi; 2008. p. 113-20.

Mazura MP, Ling SK. Preliminary studies on lipoxygenase inhibitory activity of selected Malaysian medicinal plants. Pharmacogn Res. 2009;1(1):1.

Ong CY, Ling SK, Ali RM, Chee CF, Samah ZA, Ho AS. Systematic analysis of in vitro photo-cytotoxic activity in extracts from terrestrial plants in Peninsula Malaysia for photodynamic therapy. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2009;96(3):216-22. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2009.06.009. PMID 19647445.

Ibrahim A, Kuncoro H. Identifikasi metabolit sekunder dan aktivitas antibakteri ekstrak daun sungkai (Peronema canescens JACK.) terhadap beberapa bakteri patogen. J Trop Pharm Chem. 2012;2(1):8-18. doi: 10.25026/jtpc.v2i1.43.

Khattak MMAK, Taher M, Ichwan SJA, Azahari N. Selected herbal extracts improve diabetes-associated factors in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Procedia Soc Behav Sci. 2013;91:357-75, doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.433.

Ahmad I, Ibrahim A. Bioaktivitas ekstrak metanol dan fraksi n-heksana daun sungkai (Peronema canescens JACK) terhadap larva udang (Artemia salina Leach). J Sains Kes. 2015;1(3):114-9. doi: 10.25026/jsk.v1i3.27.

Yani AP, Pratama AY. Side effects of using sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack) as traditional medicine of the lembak tribe on mice (Mus musculus). Pros Semirata 2015 Bid MIPA BKS-PTN Barat Univ; 2015. p. 651-60.

Suwandi JF, Wijayanti MAM. In vitro antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of a sungkai (Peronema canescens) leaf extract. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2018;10(10):109. doi: 10.22159/ijpps.2018v10i10.25124.

Widodo H, Sismindari S, Asmara W, Rohman A. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid contents of selected medicinal plants used for liver diseases and its classification with chemometrics. J App Pharm Sci. 2019;9(6):99-105. doi: 10.7324/JAPS.2019.90614.

Fransisca D, Kahanjak DN, Frethernety A. Antibacterial activity test of ethanol extract of sungkai leaf (Peronema canescens Jack) on the growth of Escherichia coli by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. J Pengelolaan Lingkung Berkelanjutan Journal Environ Sustain Manag. 2020;4(1):460-70.

Ibrahim A, Siswandono S. Prajogo Eko Wardojo B. Potential anticancer activities of chloroform subfraction from Peronema leaf on colon cancer HT-29 cells in vitro. J Appl Pharm Sci. 2021;11(12):82-9.

Maulana A, Putra P, Nor T. Test of antioxidant and antityrosinase activity of the n-butanol fraction of sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack.) qualitatively using thin layer chromatography. 2021;8(2):90-101.

Dillasamola D, Aldi Y, Wahyuni FS, Rita RS, Dachriyanus DD, Umar S. Study of sungkai (Peronema canescens, Jack) leaf extract activity as an immunostimulators with in vivo and in vitro methods. Pharmacogn J. 2021;13(6):1397-407. doi: 10.5530/pj.2021.13.177.

Subeki, Matsuura H, Yamasaki M, Yamato O, Maede Y, Katakura K. Effects of central kalimantan plant extracts on intraerythrocytic babesia gibsoni in culture. J Vet Med Sci. 2004;66(7):871-4. doi: 10.1292/jvms.66.871, PMID 15297762.

Ismail FMD, Nahar L, Zhang KY, Sarker SD. Antiparasitic natural products. Elsevier Inc. Vol. 55. Annual Reports in Medicinal Chemistry. 1st ed; 2020. p. 115-51. doi: 10.1016/bs. armc.2020.03.001.

Yani AP, Putranto AMH. Examination of the Sungkai’s young leaf extract (Peronema canescens) as an antipiretic, immunity, antiplasmodium and Teratogenity in mice (Mus. Muculus). Int J Sci Eng. 2014;7(1):30-4.

Aini IPS. Isolation of anti-inflammatory compounds ethanol fraction of sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack) in carrageenan induced male white mice (Mus musculus). Skripsi. Universitas Jambi; 2021.

Latief M Anggun, Fisesa T Putri, Sari M Indra. Anti-inflammatory activity of sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack) ethanol extract in carrageenan induced mice. J Farm Sains Dan Prakt. 2021;7(2):144–53.

Dillasamola D, Aldi Y, Kurniawan H, Jalius IM. Immunomodulator effect test of sungkai leaves (Peronema canescsens Jack.) ethanol extract using carbon clearance method. Advances in Health Sciences Research. 2021;40:1-6. doi: 10.2991/ahsr.k.211105.001.

Latief M, Tarigan IL, Sari PM, Aurora FE, Kimia PS, Jambi U. Antihyperuricemia activity of ethanol extract of sungkai leaves (Peronema canescens Jack) in male white mice. J Farm Indones. 2021;18(1):23-37.

Dillasamola D, Syofyan, Almahdy, Rachmaini F, Yultri M, Larisa H. Immunostimulant effect of peronema canescens. Jack leaves extract and propolis in male white mice. Advances in Health Sciences Research. 2nd Int Conf Contemp Sci Clin Pharm. 2021;40:264-9. doi: 10.2991/ahsr.k.211105.038.

Fokunang CN, Ndikum V, Tabi OY, Jiofack RB, Ngameni B, Guedje NM. Traditional medicine: past, present and future research and development prospects and integration in the national health system of Cameroon. Afr J Tradit Complement Altern Med. 2011;8(3):284-95. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i3.65276, PMID 22468007.

Ramadenti F, Sundaryono A, Handayani D. Test of ethyl acetate fraction of peronema canescens leaves against plasmodium berghei in Mus musculus. Alotrop J Pendidik Dan Ilmu Kim. 2017;2(1):89-92.