EFFECT OF POLYMER CONCENTRATION AND SURFACTANTS ON PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS, DRUG RELEASE AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF GLUTATHIONE-KAPPA CARRAGEENAN NANOSPHERES: -

YUYUN NAILUFA; BAMBANG WIDJAJA

doi:10.22159/ijap.2024v16i3.49242

Authors

YUYUN NAILUFA Pharmacy Study Program, Hang Tuah University Surabaya, Surabaya-60271, Indonesia https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0240-4626
BAMBANG WIDJAJA Pharmacy Study Program, Hang Tuah University Surabaya, Surabaya-60271, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2024v16i3.49242

Keywords:

Nanosphere, Glutathione, Kappa carrageenan, Poloxamer 188, Ionotropic gelation

Abstract

Objective: Glutathione is one of the antioxidants widely used as an antiaging and skin lightener. Glutathione at a dose of 250 mg/d orally proved useful as an antiaging. At the same time, glutathione topical night cream is effective at a dose of 0.1% for the skin of Indonesian women. Glutathione is one of the antioxidants that has easily oxidized properties in storage. Research purpose to optimize the concentration of kappa carrageenan polymer and surfactan to obtain the optimal physical characteristics of nanosphere system analyzed based on size, PDI, yield, drug loading, entrapment efficiency, dissolution and antioxidant activity.

Methods: The most commonly used method of making nanospheres is ionotropic gelation because it has proven effective, easy, and easy to apply. Ionotropic gelation is depend on the tendency of polyelectrolytes to cross connect to develop hydrogel beads often called gelispheres in the existence of counter ions. Nanospheres were prepared by aerosolization ionotropic gelation technique followed by freeze-drying. This method uses carrageenan polymers of 0.5% and 1.0% with the addition of surfactant as a stabilizer. Evaluation parameters are particle size, entrapment efficiency, drug loading, drug release and antioxidant activity.

Results: The results of the nanospheres obtained were tested physically and drug activity. Nanospheres successfully formed, with size 382.67±52.24 nm, F2 325.20±4.62 nm, F3 495.39±30.61 nm, and F4 409.80±4.11 nm. The greater the polymer concentration, the greater the value of entrapment efficiency and drug content in the nanosphere. The morphology of the nanosphere is quite good, spherical, with a smooth surface. The release profile shows that glutathione release is quite good but takes a long time, namely F1 73.91±2.17%, F2 75.91±2.76%, F3 78.56±2.82%, and F4 79.56±1.34% in 480 min or 8 h. Antioxidant activity of glutathione-Kappa carrageenan nanospheres with the DPPH method showed that nanospheres have medium or medium category antioxidant activity.

Conclusion: The most optimal formula is F4 with 1% kappa-carrageenan concentration and 0.6% KCl.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Weschawalit S, Thongthip S, Phutrakool P, Asawanonda P. Glutathione and its antiaging and antimelanogenic effects. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol. 2017;10:147-53. doi: 10.2147/CCID.S128339, PMID 28490897.

Etnawati K, Adiwinarni DR, Susetiati DA, Sauchi Y, Ito H. The efficacy of skin care products containing glutathione in delivering skin lightening in Indonesian women. Dermatol Reports. 2019;11:8013. doi: 10.4081/dr.2019.8013.

Geyik G, Isıklan N. Design and fabrication of hybrid triple-responsive κ-carrageenan-based nanospheres for controlled drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol. 2021;192:701-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.10.007, PMID 34637816.

Lushchak VI. Glutathione homeostasis and functions: potential targets for medical interventions. J Amino Acids. 2012;2012:1-26. doi: 10.1155/2012/736837.

Tanusorn N, Thummarungsan N, Sangwan W, Lerdwijitjarud W, Sirivat A. Influence of carrageenan molecular structures on electromechanical behaviours of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/carrageenan conductive hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol. 2018;118(B):2098-107. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.066, PMID 30009911.

M HD, EH, NS. Development of carrageenan polymer for encapsulation of ciprofloxacin HCl: in vitro characterization. Int J Drug Deliv Technol. 2019;9(1):89-93. doi: 10.25258/ijddt.9.1.14.

Boltnarova B, Kubackova J, Skoda J, Stefela A, Smekalova M, Svacinova P. PLGA based nanospheres as a potent macrophage-specific drug delivery system. Nanomaterials (Basel). 2021;11(3):749. doi: 10.3390/nano11030749, PMID 33809764.

Hariyadi DM, Rosita N, Rahayu A. Design, optimization and characterization of glutathione loaded-alginate microspheres for topical antiaging. J Pharm Pharmacogn Res. 2019;7(1):223-33. doi: 10.56499/jppres19.554_7.4.223.

Vladar AE, Hodoroaba VD. Characterization of nanoparticles by scanning electron microscopy. Micro Nano Technol. 2020;2:7-27.

Shahidi F, Zhong Y. Measurement of antioxidant activity. J Funct Foods. 2015;18:757-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.047.

Zirak MB, Pezeshki A. Effect of surfactant concentration on the particle size, stability and potential zeta of beta carotene nano lipid carrier. Int J Curr Microbiol Appl Sci. 2015;4(9):924-32.

Nailufa Y, Widjaja B, Najih YA, Rakhma D. Optimization of kappa carrageenan polymer concentration and potassium chloride crosslinker on physical characteristics of glutathione-kappa carrageenan nanosphere. Int J App Pharm. 2023;15:128-33. doi: 10.22159/ijap.2023.v15s2.24.

Postolovic K, Ljujic B, Kovacevic MM, Dordevic S, Nikolic S, Zivanovic S. Optimization, characterization, and evaluation of carrageenan/alginate/poloxamer/curcumin hydrogel film as a functional wound dressing material. Mater Today Commun. 2022;31:103528. doi: 10.1016/j.mtcomm.2022.103528.

Dinh L, Hong J, Min Kim D, Lee G, Jung Park E, Hyuk Baik S. A novel thermosensitive poloxamer-hyaluronic acid- kappa-carrageenan-based hydrogel anti-adhesive agent loaded with 5-fluorouracil: a preclinical study in sprague-dawley rats. Int J Pharm. 2022;621:121771. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121771, PMID 35487401.

Sirivibulkovit K, Nouanthavong S, Sameenoi Y. Paper-based DPPH assay for antioxidant activity analysis. Anal Sci. 2018;34(7):795-800. doi: 10.2116/analsci.18P014, PMID 29998961.