IRINOTECAN-REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL METHODS DEVELOPED FOR PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE FORMS AND BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS

HRUTA SUNDAR SWAIN; RUCHI VERMA; LALIT KUMAR

doi:10.22159/ijap.2023v15i6.48903

Authors

HRUTA SUNDAR SWAIN Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka-576104, India https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8680-500X
RUCHI VERMA Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Karnataka-576104, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1279-7243
LALIT KUMAR Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2418-9712

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2023v15i6.48903

Keywords:

Irinotecan, Analytical methods, Biological matrices

Abstract

Irinotecan (IRI) is utilised as a first line anticancer medication in the cure of cancer having extraordinary ability to block DNA-topoisomerase-I. It is used as a monotherapy and adjunct therapy in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and other cancers, and it differs chemically and pharmacologically from other anticancer medications. The proposed review is divided into two main sections i.e. a) Different analytical methods for estimating irinotecan in pharmaceutical formulations, b) Diverse analytical methods for detecting irinotecan in biological matrices. This work also considers the development of numerous analytical methods based on various parameters, as well as the validation of the methods used. Estimated validation characteristics such as Linearity, Limit of Detection (LOD), and Limit of Quantitation (LOQ) are considered for each. Applying bioanalytical methods, the wavelength of detection, mobile phase, columns, flow rate, retention duration, and sample preparation processes are all evaluated as essential quality variables for estimating Irinotecan.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ayoub Z, Mehta A, Mishra SK. Ethnopharmacological review of natural products in cancer prevention and therapy. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2018;11(6):32-44, doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2018.v11i6.24792.

Konda RK, Chandu BR, Chandra Sekhar KB. An improved HPLC-UV method for the estimation of irinotecan in bulk and tablet dosage form. Int J Pharm Biomed Res. 2011;2(3):188-91.

Bhaskaran NA, Jitta SR, Salwa, Cheruku S, Kumar N, Kumar L. Orally delivered solid lipid nanoparticles of irinotecan coupled with chitosan surface modification to treat colon cancer: preparation, in vitro and in vivo evaluations. Int J Biol Macromol. 2022;211:301-15. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.060, PMID 35568152.

Bailly C. Irinotecan: 25 y of cancer treatment. Pharmacol Res. 2019;148:104398. doi: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104398, PMID 31415916.

Tariq M, Negi LM, Talegaonkar S, Ahmad FJ, Iqbal Z, Khan AM. Liquid chromatographic method for irinotecan estimation: screening of p-gp modulators. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2015;77(1):14-23. doi: 10.4103/0250-474x.151577, PMID 25767314.

Irinotecan; 2021. PubChem. Available from: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/irinotecan. [Last accessed on 01 Nov 2021]

Chabot GG. Clinical pharmacokinetics of irinotecan. Clin Pharmacokinet. 1997;33(4):245-59. doi: 10.2165/00003088-199733040-00001, PMID 9342501.

Sharma S, Sharma MC. Development and validation of spectrophotometric method and TLC densitometric determination of irinotecan HCl in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Arab J Chem. 2016;9:S1368-72. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.02.012, PMID 23781456.

Ghazaly E, Perry J, Kitromilidou C, Powles T, Joel S. Development and validation of an ultra-high performance LC-MS/MS assay for intracellular SN-38 in human solid tumour cell lines: comparison with a validated HPLC-fluorescence method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2014;969:213-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.024, PMID 25195021.

Nussbaumer S, Geiser L, Sadeghipour F, Hochstrasser D, Bonnabry P, Veuthey JL. Wipe sampling procedure coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis for the simultaneous determination of 10 cytotoxic drugs on different surfaces. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;402(8):2499-509. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5157-2, PMID 21701850.

Cao Y, Cheng Q, Lu H, Zhang H. Determination of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin in microdialysates from rat brain with LC-MS/MS. Zhejiang Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2013;42(1):98-102. doi: 10.3785/j.issn.1008-9292.2013.01.016, PMID 23505115.

Bhaskaran NA, Kumar L, Reddy MS, Pai GK. An analytical ”quality by design” approach in RP-HPLC method development and validation for reliable and rapid estimation of irinotecan in an injectable formulation. Acta Pharm. 2021;71(1):57-79. doi: 10.2478/acph-2021-0008, PMID 32697749.

de Bruijn P, Verweij J, Loos WJ, Nooter K, Stoter G, Sparreboom A. Determination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its active metabolite SN-38 in human plasma by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1997;698(1-2):277-85. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)00290-9, PMID 9367218.

Souza DM, Reichert JF, Martins AF. A simultaneous determination of anti-cancer drugs in hospital effluent by DLLME HPLC-FLD, together with a risk assessment. Chemosphere. 2018;201:178-88. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.164, PMID 29524818.

Wal P, Kumar B, Bhandari A, Rai AK, Wal A. Bioanalytical method development–determination of drugs in biological fluids. J Pharm Sci Technol. 2010;2(10):333-47.

Hahn RZ, Arnhold PC, Andriguetti NB, Schneider A, Kluck HM, Dos Reis SL. Determination of irinotecan and its metabolite SN-38 in dried blood spots using high-performance liquid-chromatography with fluorescence detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018;150:51-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.079, PMID 29216585.

Martinez Chavez A, Rosing H, Gan C, Wang Y, Schinkel AH, Beijnen JH. Bioanalytical method for the simultaneous quantification of irinotecan and its active metabolite SN-38 in mouse plasma and tissue homogenates using HPLC-fluorescence. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2020;1149:122177. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122177, PMID 32464539.

Sanogo S, Silimbani P, Gaggeri R, Masini C. Development and validation of an HPLC-DAD method for the simultaneous identification and quantification of Topotecan, Irinotecan, Etoposide, Doxorubicin and Epirubicin. Arab J Chem. 2021;14(1):102896. doi: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2020.11.002.

Malatesta L, Cosco D, Paolino D, Cilurzo F, Costa N, Di Tullio A. Simultaneous quantification of Gemcitabine and Irinotecan hydrochloride in rat plasma by using high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2018;159:192-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.060, PMID 29990886.

Yang W, Yang Z, Liu J, Liu D, Wang Y. Development of a method to quantify total and free irinotecan and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) for pharmacokinetic and bio-distribution studies after administration of irinotecan liposomal formulation. Asian J Pharm Sci. 2019;14(6):687-97. doi: 10.1016/j.ajps.2018.08.003. PMID 32104495.

Basu S, Zeng M, Yin T, Gao S, Hu M. Development and validation of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the quantification of irinotecan, SN-38 and SN-38 glucuronide in plasma, urine, feces, liver and kidney: application to a pharmacokinetic study of irinotecan in rats. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2016;1015-1016:34-41. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.02.012, PMID 26894853.

Chen X, Peer CJ, Alfaro R, Tian T, Spencer SD, Figg WD. Quantification of irinotecan, SN38, and SN38G in human and porcine plasma by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry and its application to hepatic chemoembolization. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2012;62:140-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.01.008, PMID 22305081.

Baylatry MT, Joly AC, Pelage JP, Bengrine Lefevre L, Prugnaud JL, Laurent A. Simple liquid chromatography method for the quantification of irinotecan and SN38 in sheep plasma: application to in vivo pharmacokinetics after pulmonary artery chemoembolization using drug eluting beads. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2010;878(9-10):738-42. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.01.017, PMID 20171941.

Tariq M, Negi LM, Talegaonkar S, Ahmad FJ, Iqbal Z, Khan AM. Liquid chromatographic method for irinotecan estimation: screening of p-gp modulators. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2015;77(1):14-23. doi: 10.4103/0250-474x.151577, PMID 25767314.

Herviou P, Richard D, Roche L, Pinguet J, Libert F, Eschalier A. Determination of irinotecan and SN38 in human plasma by TurboFlow™ liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2016;118:284-91. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.10.044, PMID 26580826.

Kumar N, Sangeetha D, Reddy SP. UPLC and LC-MS studies on degradation behavior of irinotecan hydrochloride and development of a validated stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of irinotecan hydrochloride and its impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms. J Chromatogr Sci. 2012;50(9):810-9. doi: 10.1093/chromsci/bms075, PMID 22661461.

Goldwirt L, Lemaitre F, Zahr N, Farinotti R, Fernandez C. A new UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of irinotecan and 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) in mice: application to plasma and brain pharmacokinetics. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2012;66:325-33. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.003, PMID 22551773.

Chen Y, Hu Z, Qi W, Gao S, Jiang J, Wang S. Pharmacovigilance of herb-drug interactions: a pharmacokinetic study on the combination administration of herbal Kang’ai injection and chemotherapy irinotecan hydrochloride injection by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2021;194:113784. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113784, PMID 33280996.

Tsotsou GE, Gkotzamani P, Petro V, Argyropoulou A, Karkalousos P. A simple, rapid and low-cost spectrophotometric method for irinotecan quantification in human plasma and in pharmaceutical dosage forms. Anal Methods. 2021;13(2):258-66. doi: 10.1039/d0ay02201b, PMID 33367449.

Gosetti F, Belay MH, Marengo E, Robotti E. Development and validation of a UHPLC-MS/MS method for the identification of irinotecan photodegradation products in water samples. Environ Pollut. 2020;256:113370. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113370, PMID 31662244.

Zhang W, Dutschman GE, Li X, Ye M, Cheng YC. Quantitation of irinotecan and its two major metabolites using a liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009;877(27):3038-44. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.025, PMID 19648066.

Bansal T, Awasthi A, Jaggi M, Khar RK, Talegaonkar S. Development and validation of reversed phase liquid chromatographic method utilizing ultraviolet detection for quantification of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its active metabolite, SN-38, in rat plasma and bile samples: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Talanta. 2008;76(5):1015-21. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.04.058, PMID 18761148.

Ahn G, Park DM, Park JW, Kim HY, Cho JY, Rhee SJ. A rapid, simple and reliable HPLC-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer method for a simultaneous quantification of irinotecan and its active metabolite 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) in mouse plasma. Biomed Chromatogr. 2014;28(7):919-22. doi: 10.1002/bmc.3134, PMID 24458571.

Calandra E, Posocco B, Crotti S, Marangon E, Giodini L, Nitti D. Cross-validation of a mass spectrometric-based method for the therapeutic drug monitoring of irinotecan: implementation of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry in pharmacokinetic measurements. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016;408(19):5369-77. doi: 10.1007/s00216-016-9634-5, PMID 27235158.

D’Esposito F, Tattam BN, Ramzan I, Murray M. A liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) assay for the determination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its two major metabolites in human liver microsomal incubations and human plasma samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2008;875(2):522-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.10.011, PMID 18952506.

Ragot S, Marquet P, Lachâtre F, Rousseau A, Lacassie E, Gaulier JM. Sensitive determination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its active metabolite SN-38 in human serum using liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1999;736(1-2):175-84. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(99)00452-1, PMID 10676997.

Park DJ, Won JH, Cho AR, Yun HJ, Heo JH, Hwhang TH. Determination of irinotecan and its metabolite SN-38 in rabbit plasma and tumors using a validated method of tandem mass spectrometry coupled with liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2014;962:147-52. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.05.042, PMID 24927278.

Yang X, Hu Z, Chan SY, Goh BC, Duan W, Chan E. Simultaneous determination of the lactone and carboxylate forms of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its active metabolite SN-38 by high-performance liquid chromatography: application to plasma pharmacokinetic studies in the rat. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2005;821(2):221-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.05.010, PMID 15936253.

Escoriaza J, Aldaz A, Castellanos C, Calvo E, Giraldez J. Simple and rapid determination of irinotecan and its metabolite SN-38 in plasma by high-performance liquid-chromatography: application to clinical pharmacokinetic studies. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2000;740(2):159-68. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00048-7, PMID 10821401.

Hu ZP, Yang XX, Chen X, Chan E, Duan W, Zhou SF. Simultaneous determination of irinotecan (CPT-11) and SN-38 in tissue culture media and cancer cells by high performance liquid chromatography: application to cellular metabolism and accumulation studies. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2007;850(1-2):575-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.12.056, PMID 17270505.

Guichard N, Rudaz S, Bonnabry P, Fleury Souverain S. Validation and uncertainty estimation for trace amounts determination of 25 drugs used in hospital chemotherapy compounding units. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2019;172:139-48. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.04.042, PMID 31035095.

Ahn G, Park DM, Park JW, Cho JY, Rhee SJ, Kim HY. Development and validation of a microfluidic chip-based nano-liquid chromatography–triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method for a sensitive and reliable quantification of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38) in mouse plasma. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2013;405(30):9817-24. doi: 10.1007/s00216-013-7411-2, PMID 24126840.

Bardin S, Guo W, Johnson JL, Khan S, Ahmad A, Duggan JX. Liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the simultaneous quantification of Camptosar and its metabolite SN-38 in mouse plasma and tissues. J Chromatogr A. 2005;1073(1-2):249-55. doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.08.060, PMID 15909526.

Shu P, Zhao T, Wen B, Mendelsohn Victor K, Sun D, Friese CR. Application of an innovative high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous analysis of 18 hazardous drugs to rule out accidental acute chemotherapy exposures in health care workers. J Oncol Pharm Pract. 2020;26(4):794-802. doi: 10.1177/1078155219870591, PMID 31483750.

Maeda S, Miwa Y. Multicomponent high-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry analysis of ten chemotherapeutic drugs in wipe samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2013;921-922:43-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.01.014, PMID 23419953.

Xuan T, Zhang JA, Ahmad I. HPLC method for determination of SN-38 content and SN-38 entrapment efficiency in a novel liposome-based formulation, LE-SN38. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2006;41(2):582-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jpba.2005.10.051, PMID 16386867.

Poujol S, Pinguet F, Malosse F, Astre C, Ychou M, Culine S. Sensitive HPLC-fluorescence method for irinotecan and four major metabolites in human plasma and saliva: application to pharmacokinetic studies. Clin Chem. 2003;49(11):1900-8. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2003.023481, PMID 14578322.

Khan S, Ahmad A, Ahmad I. A sensitive and rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for quantitative determination of 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN-38) in human plasma containing liposome-based SN-38 (LE-SN38). Biomed Chromatogr. 2003;17(8):493-9. doi: 10.1002/bmc.257, PMID 14648604.

Brachet G, Bruno C, Boulay D, Tournamille JF, Gyan E, Viaud Massuard MC. An ion-pairing, reversed-phase liquid chromatography method to assess the cross-contamination of cancer chemotherapy infusions prepared in a dual-operator aseptic isolator. Drug Test Anal. 2016;8(9):985-90. doi: 10.1002/dta.1902, PMID 26480955.

Hurtado Sanchez M, Acedo Valenzuela MI, Duran Meras I, Rodriguez Caceres MI. Determination of chemotherapeutic drugs in human urine by capillary electrophoresis with UV and fluorimetric detection using solid-supported liquid-liquid extraction for sample clean-up. J Sep Sci. 2015;38(11):1990-7. doi: 10.1002/jssc.201401443, PMID 25820908.

Nussbaumer S, Geiser L, Sadeghipour F, Hochstrasser D, Bonnabry P, Veuthey JL. Wipe sampling procedure coupled to LC-MS/MS analysis for the simultaneous determination of 10 cytotoxic drugs on different surfaces. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2012;402(8):2499-509. doi: 10.1007/s00216-011-5157-2, PMID 21701850.

Balaram VM, Rao JV, Ganesh RSS, Krishna TB. Validated reverse phase HPLC method for the determination of irinotecan in pharmaceutical dosage forms. E-Journal of Chemistry. 2007;4(1):128-36. doi: 10.1155/2007/597409.

Shende P, Gaud R. Validated RP-HPLC analysis of irinotecan HCl in the bulk material and in pharmaceutical formulations. Acta Chromatogr. 2009;21(1):71-82. doi: 10.1556/AChrom.21.2009.1.6.

Sparreboom A, de Bruijn P, de Jonge MJ, Loos WJ, Stoter G, Verweij J. Liquid chromatographic determination of irinotecan and three major metabolites in human plasma, urine and feces. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 1998;712(1-2):225-35. doi: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00147-9, PMID 9698245.

Reddy PS, Babu KS, Kumar N. A validated RP-HPLC method for the determination of irinotecan hydrochloride residues for cleaning validation area. Rev Cuba Farm. 2013;47(1):41-50.

Kumudhavalli MV, Prakash C, Venkateshwarlu BS, Kumar M. A novel technique for the quantification of irinotecan HCl injection. Res J Pharm Technol. 2019;12(12):6027-30. doi: 10.5958/0974-360X.2019.01046.1.

Xiao H, Sedlarik V. A rapid and sensitive HPLC method for simultaneous determination of irinotecan hydrochloride and curcumin in co-delivered polymeric nanoparticles. J Chromatogr Sci. 2020;58(7):651-60. doi: 10.1093/chromsci/bmaa033, PMID 32627829.

Kumar N, Sangeetha D, Reddy SP. UPLC and LC-MS studies on degradation behavior of irinotecan hydrochloride and development of a validated stability-indicating ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method for determination of irinotecan hydrochloride and its impurities in pharmaceutical dosage forms. J Chromatogr Sci. 2012;50(9):810-9. doi: 10.1093/chromsci/bms075, PMID 22661461.

Marangon E, Posocco B, Mazzega E, Toffoli G. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of irinotecan and its main metabolites in human plasma and its application in a clinical pharmacokinetic study. PLOS ONE. 2015;10(2):e0118194. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118194, PMID 25689738.

Fukuoka M. Current status of irinotecan in lung cancer. Oncology (Williston Park). 2001;15 Suppl 1:6-7. PMID 11221022.

Sai K, Kaniwa N, Ozawa S, Sawada JI. An analytical method for irinotecan (CPT‐11) and its metabolites using a high‐performance liquid chromatography: parallel detection with fluorescence and mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr. 2002;16(3):209-18. doi: 10.1002/bmc.137, PMID 11920947.

Kunimoto T, Nitta K, Tanaka T, Uehara N, Baba H, Takeuchi M. Antitumor activity of 7-ethyl-10-[4-(1-piperidino)-1-piperidino]carbonyloxy-camptothec in, a novel water-soluble derivative of camptothecin, against murine tumors. Cancer Res. 1987;47(22):5944-7. PMID 3664496.

USP monograph of irinotecan hydrochloride injection, USP-NF/PF abstract; 2023. doi: 10.31003/USPNF_M42489_04_01.

USP monograph of irinotecan hydrochloride, USP-NF/PF abstract; 2023. doi: 10.31003/USPNF_M42485_05_01.

Rodriguez ET, Szijj JV, Cachia M, Falzon P, Axisa K, Serracino Inglott AS. An efficient HPLC-UV method for determination of tetrahydrocannabinol in oil. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2023;16(3):110-15. doi: 10.22159/ajpcr.2023.v16i3.47462.

Damle MC, Sonule JA. Hydrolytic degradation study of roxadustat by RP-HPLC and HPTLC. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2023;15(8):36-49. doi: 10.22159/ijpps.2023v15i8.48355.