ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECT OF XANTHORRHIZOL (CURCUMA XANTHORRHIZA ROXB.) AGAINST THE BIOFILM OF FUSOBACTERIUM NUCLEATUM

MAIDA FITRI; KAMIZAR NAZAR; RATNA MEIDYAWATI; REZA AZMI

doi:10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s2.PP-06

Authors

MAIDA FITRI Conservative Dentistry Residency Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.
KAMIZAR NAZAR Department Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.
RATNA MEIDYAWATI Department Conservative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.
REZA AZMI Conservative Dentistry Residency Program, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s2.PP-06

Keywords:

Xanthorrhizol, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Sodium hypochlorite, Antibacterials, Biofilm

Abstract

Objective: Endodontic infections are treated with a root canal; one of the stages involves using an irrigation solution to eliminate microorganisms.
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) is an irrigation solution used to eliminate Fusobacterium nucleatum, the common cause of primary endodontic
infections. However, this material is synthetic and can cause side effects and inflammation of the periapical tissues. Thus, an irrigation solution, such
as xanthorrhizol, which is made of natural ingredients, is required. However, xanthorrhizol’s antibacterial effect against F. nucleatum has never been
assessed. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the effect of xanthorrhizol, derived from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb., against F. nucleatum ATCC 25586
biofilm.
Methods: The methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay test and colony count test were performed to assess F. nucleatum eradication after exposure to
xanthorrhizol at various concentrations (0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, and 1.5%) and 2.5% NaOCl, which was used as positive control.
Results: Significant differences were observed in terms of cell viability after treatment with xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% versus 0.5%,
0.75%, and 1%. The MTT assay test was used to evaluate cell viability in the biofilm and cell metabolism activities. Results showed no significant
differences in terms of efficacy between xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% and 1.5%, which are considered effective against F. nucleatum, and
2.5% NaOCl (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The effect of xanthorrhizol at concentrations of 1.25% and 1.5% against F. nucleatum is similar to that of 2.5% NaOCl.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

1. Martinho FC, Leite FR, Nóbrega LM, Endo MS, Nascimento GG,
Darveau RP, et al. Comparison of Fusobacterium nucleatum and
Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharides clinically isolated from
root canal infection in the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines
secretion. Braz Dent J 2016;27:202-7.
2. Lee LW, Lee YL, Hsiao SH, Lin HP. Bacteria in the apical root canals of
teeth with apical periodontitis. J Formos Med Assoc 2017;116:448-56.
3. Siqueira JF, Rocas I. In: Siqueira JF editor. Treatment of endodontic
infections. Quintessence; 2011. P. 97-103. Tyagi S, Tyagi P, Mishra P.
Evolution of root canal sealers: An insight story. Eur J Gen Dent
2013;2:199-218.
4. Pereira RS, Rodrigues VA, Furtado WT, Gueiros S, Pereira GS, Avila-
Campos MJ. Microbial analysis of root canal and periradicular lesion
associated to teeth with endodontic failure. Anaerobe 2017;48:12-8.
5. Bolstad AI, Jensen HB, Bakken V. Taxonomy, biology, and
periodontal aspects of Fusobacterium nucleatum. Clin Microbiol
Rev 1996;9:55-71.
6. Gursoy UK, Pöllänen M, Könönen E, Uitto VJ Biofilm formation
enhances the oxygen tolerance and invasiveness of Fusobacterium
nucleatum in an oral mucosa culture model. J Periodontol
2010;81:1084-91.
7. Özok AR, Wu MK, Luppens SB, Wesselink PR. Comparison of
growth and susceptibility to sodium hypochlorite of mono and dualspecies
biofilms of Fusobacterium nucleatum and Peptostreptococcus
(Micromonas) micros. J Endod 2007;33:819-22.
8. Kapatral V, Anderson I, Ivanova N, Reznik G, Los T, Lykidis A, et al.
Genome sequence and analysis of the oral bacterium Fusobacterium
nucleatum strain ATCC 25586. J Bacteriol 2002;184:2005-18.
9. Han YW. Fusobacterium nucleatum: A commensal-turned pathogen.
Curr Opin Microbiol 2015;23:141-7.
10. Jhajharia K, Parolia A, Shetty KV, Mehta LK. Biofilm in endodontics:
A review. J Int Soc Prev Commun Dent 2015;5:1-12.
11. Reis AL, Oliveira RR, Tavares WL, Saldanha TD, Farias LM, Vieira LQ,
et al. Murine experimental root canal infection: Cytokine expression in
response to F. nucleatum and E. faecalis. Braz Dent J 2016;27:578-83.
12. Tyagi S, Tyagi P, Mishra P. Evolution of root canal sealers: An insight
story. Eur J Gen Dent 2013;2:199-218.
13. Xie Q, Johnson BR, Wenckus CS, Fayad MI, Wu CD. Efficacy of
berberine, an antimicrobial plant alkaloid, as an endodontic irrigant
against a mixed-culture biofilm in an in vitro tooth model. J Endod
2012;38:1114-7.
14. Al-Madi EM, Almohaimede AA, Al-Obaida MI, Awaad AS. Comparison
of the antibacterial efficacy of Commiphora molmol and sodium
hypochlorite as root canal irrigants against Enterococcus faecalis and
Fusobacterium nucleatum. Hindawi Evid-Based Complement Alternat
Med 2019;2019:6916795.
15. Anggoro D, Rezki RS, Siswarni MZ. Ekstraksi multi tahap kurkumin
dari temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) menggunakan pelarut
etanol. J Tekn Kimia USU 2015;4:39-45.
16. Agwi SN, Barunawati N, Nihayati E. Pengaruh perbedaan pola
tanam terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil temulawak (Curcuma
xanthorrhiza Roxb.) pada pola tanam tumpangsari dengan ubi jalar
(Ipomoea batatas L.). J Produksi Tanaman 2017;5:1170-9.
17. Silalahi M. Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. (Pemanfaatan dan
Bioakivitasnya). JDP 2017;10:248-60.
18. Sukandar EY, Kurniati NF, Anggadiredja K, Kamil A. In vitro
antibacterial activity of Kaempferia pandurata Roxb. and Curcuma
xanthorrhiza Roxb. Extracts in combination with certain antibiotics
against MSSA and MRSA. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci 2018;8:108-11.
19. Kim JE, Kim HE, Hwang JK, Lee HJ, Kwon HK, Kim BI. Antibacterial
characteristics of Curcuma xanthorrhiza extract on Streptococcus
mutans biofilm. J Microbiol 2008;46:228-32.
20. Rukayadi Y, Hwang JK. In vitro activity of xanthorrhizol against
Streptococcus mutans biofilms. Lett Appl Microbiol 2006;42:400-4.
21. Prijatmoko D, Syafira NL, Lestari PE. Antibacterial activity of essential
oil extracts from Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. rhizomes against
bacteria causing pulp necrosis. J Dentomaxillofac Sci 2018;3:144-8.
22. Quave CL, Plano LR, Pantuso T, Bennett BC. Effects of extracts
from Italian medicinal plants on planktonic growth, biofilm formation
and adherence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J
Ethnopharmacol 2008;118:418-28.
23. Dewi ZY, Nur A, Hertriani T. Efek antibakteri dan penghambatan
biofilm ekstrak sereh (Cymbopogon nardus L.) terhadap Bakteri
Streptococcus mutans. Maj Ked Gi Ind 2015;1:136-41.
24. Yue W. The antibacterial effect of xanthorrhizol as an endodontic
irrigant on Enterococcus faecalis. Yonsei Univ 2015;1:206-16.
25. European Medicines Agency. Assessment Report on Curcuma
xanthorrhiza Roxb. (C. xanthorrhiza D. Dietrich), Rhizoma.
Amsterdam, Netherlands: European Medicines Agency; 2014.
26. Oon SF, Nallappan M, Tee TT, Shohaimi S, Kassim NK, Saariwijaya MS,
et al. Xanthorrhizol: A review of its pharmacological activities and
anticancer properties. Cancer Cell Int 2015;15:100.
27. Diastuti H, Syah YM, Juliawaty LD, Singgih M. Antibacterial Curcuma
xanthorrhiza exstract and fractions. J Math Fund Sci 2014;46:224-34.